Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT
<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: justify; color: #333333; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT): </strong>is an international web based Journal focused towards the publication of current research work carried out under Toxicology.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: justify; color: #333333; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Focus and Scope Covers</strong></p><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; color: #333333; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Automatism (Toxicology)</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ecotoxicology and Entomotoxicology</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Environmental Toxicology</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Enzyme Inhibition</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Forensic Toxicology</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Toxicity and Toxicogenomics</li><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Vitro Toxicology</li></ul>en-USResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology2231-3834<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 5pt; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Declaration and Copyright Transfer Form</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(to be completed by authors)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/ We, the undersigned author(s) of the submitted manuscript, hereby declare, that the above manuscript which is submitted for publication in the STM Journals(s), is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> published already in part or whole (except in the form of abstract) in any journal or magazine for private or public circulation, and, is <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span></strong> under consideration of publication elsewhere. </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/We will not withdraw the manuscript after 1 week of submission as I have read the Author Guidelines and will adhere to the guidelines.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/We Author(s ) have niether given nor will give this manuscript elsewhere for publishing after submitting in STM Journal(s).</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/ We have read the original version of the manuscript and am/ are responsible for the thought contents embodied in it. The work dealt in the manuscript is my/ our own, and my/ our individual contribution to this work is significant enough to qualify for authorship.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I/We also agree to the authorship of the article in the following order:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Author’s name<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1. ________________ </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2. ________________ </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">3. ________________ </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">_______________</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 100%; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt;" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="padding-bottom: 3pt; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 5%; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; border: #f0f0f0;" width="5%" valign="top"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><input name="copyrightNoticeAgree" type="checkbox" value="1" /></span></p></td><td style="padding-bottom: 3pt; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 95%; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; border: #f0f0f0;" width="95%" valign="top"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">We <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Author(s) tick this box and would request you to consider it as our signature as we agree to the terms of this Copyright Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published by this journal.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p> </p>Recent Trends of Violent Asphyxial Deaths in Barpeta, Assam
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8522
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Asphyxial death is a common incident in forensic practice and determination of the manner of death whether suicidal, homicidal or accidental is of utmost significance.</span></em><span class="A1"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> This study was conducted in the </span></em></span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Department of Forensic Medicine, <span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</span> Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India. A total of 89 cases of violent asphyxial deaths occurred during the period of 1<sup>st</sup> January to 31<sup>st</sup> December 2016 were studied. </span></em><span class="A1"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate and assess various parameters and sociodemographic profile of violent asphyxial deaths in and around Barpeta area, </span></em></span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Assam, India</span></em><span class="A1"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">.</span></em></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span class="A1"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span class="A1"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords:</span></em></strong></span><span class="A1"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Violent asphyxial deaths, suicide, homicide, </span></em></span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">forensic practice</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Ahmed F, Singha MK. Recent Trends of Violent Asphyxial Deaths in Barpeta, Assam. </span><em style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology</em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. 2017; 7(2): 1–5p.</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p>Firoz AhmedManoj Kumar Singha
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2017-08-012017-08-017215Thymoquinone Induces Epigenetic Modulation in ROS Dependent Manner
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8418
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Traditional drugs have the ability to treat broad range of diseases by modulating the signaling pathways of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Epigenetic modulation is also one of the mechanisms already established as a process of action. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition leads to changes in gene expression promoting cell death. Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound from Nigella sativa seeds has shown to have an antineoplastic effect in many cancers. Here we have investigated HDAC inhibiting potential of TQ. It was observed that (TQ) inhibits the cell viability of HeLa and HepG2 cell lines in concentration dependent manner. It is able to enhanced the total oxidative species in both the cell lines. TQ treatment also causes a loss in mitochondrial membrane potential. The analysis of protein expression of HDAC1 and has shown a decrease in the level of HDAC1 and increase in the p21expression that confirming its ability to induce epigenetic modulation.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Thymoquinone, Epigenetic, ROS, Mitochondrial membrane potential</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saad Mustafa, Jogendra Singh Pawar, Ilora Ghosh. Thymoquinone Induces Epigenetic Modulation in ROS Dependent Manner. <em>Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology</em>. 2017; 7(1): 32–39p.</span></p>Saad MustafaJogendra Singh PawarIlora Ghosh
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2017-05-312017-05-31723239Gossypetin Inhibits ROS Generation in HeLa and HepG2 Cell Lines
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8421
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Antioxidants are known for their ability to neutralize the reactive oxygen species present within the living system. These antioxidants are mainly secondary metabolites present in plant products and are generally known as nutraceuticals or bioactive compounds. Antioxidant can be categorized into many categories based upon their structure and activities like flavonoids, anthrocyanins and carotenoids. Flavonoids are heterogeneous polyphenolic compounds having beneficiary effect on human body and are also known to counteract in conditions like atherosclerosis and other heart conditions. Gossypetin is a hexahydroxyflavone, isolated originally from Hibiscus species and is known to exhibit anti-atherosclerotic potential and anti-microbial properties. In the present study, we have analyzed the antioxidant property of Gossypetin. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed 50% reduction at 40 μM concentration of Gossypetin. Here as for the first time, we have studied the antioxidant activity of Gossypetin in HeLa and HepG<sub>2</sub> cell line which is found to inhibit total ROS to 50% at the concentration above 50 μM. Gossypetin did not elicit any cytotoxic effect in both HeLa and HepG<sub>2</sub> cell line in dose and time dependent manner,as evident by no changes in the morphology of HeLa cell. Immunoblot analysis in Gossypetin treated HeLa cell revealed the higher expression of NFκB and reduction in the level of caspase-3 confirming its anti-oxidative property.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Antioxidant, Gossypetin, ROS, HepG<sub>2</sub>, HeLa, oxidative stress</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jogendra Singh Pawar, Saad Mustafa, Ilora Ghosh. Gossypetin Inhibits ROS Generation in HeLa and HepG<sub>2</sub> Cell Lines. <em>Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology</em>. 2017; 7(1): 25–31p.</span></p>Jogendra Singh PawarSaad MustafaIlora Ghosh
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2017-05-312017-05-31722531A Study of Allege Rape Cases in Barpeta District, Assam
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8471
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><em>Sexual violence regarded as a global problem, not only in the geographical sense but also in terms of age and sex. This study was carried out in the dept. of Forensic Medicine, FAAMCH, Barpeta, ASSAM. A<strong> </strong>total 580 alleged rape cases coming for examination from different part of Barpeta district of Assam in the year 2014 and 2015 were studied and data were analyzed. Male victims were only 2(0.3%) and others (99.7%) were female. Maximum numbers (36.4%) of victims were age group between 11 to 20 years. The study highlights the trend of sexual violence in this locality with respect to socio-demographic characteristics, relation between accused and victims etc.</em></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><em>Keywords:</em></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><em> Toxicology, sexual violence, global problem, legal medicine, forensic evidences</em></span></p>Manoj Kumar SinghaFiroz AhmedAnima Boro
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2017-05-312017-05-31721924A Study of Cramio-Facial Injuries in Medico-Legal Autopsies
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8394
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Injury to the cranium and face is a common finding in medico-legal autopsies. Blunt trauma to the cranium is most frequently caused by road traffic accidents, assaults, falls from height and also from impacts by machineries. However, road traffic accidents accounts for the commonest occurrence of cranio-facial injuries. International labour organization 1994 estimated that nearly 2 lacks workers die annually and 1200 lacks are injured. Studies of traumatic cranial injuries at NIMHANS reveal that falls are the second leading cause of deaths and injuries contributing to 20–30 % of total traumatic brain injury. (This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College upon the cases brought for medico-legal autopsy during the period of 1<sup>st</sup> March 2016 to 28<sup>th</sup> February 2017. A total of 200 cases were randomly selected for the study out of the cranio-facial injury cases.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Cranio- Facial injury, autopsy, blunt trauma</span></em></p>Pradip Kumar ThakuriaArpan Mazumder
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2017-05-312017-05-31721518Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Glutathione in the Detoxification of Free Radicals
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8315
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The aging process and disease progression are the result of cellular damage by free radicals. Our first lines of defense against free radical damage are the antioxidants. They are critical for keeping optimal health and wellbeing. The need for antioxidants becomes more critical with increased exposure to free radicals. Pollution, drugs, cigarette smoke, illness, stress, and even exercise can increase free radical exposure. The accumulation of free radicals produced from different types of exposures and physiological processes is termed as oxidative stress. The free radical scavenger antioxidants may prevent the oxidative stress by peroxidation, inhibiting free radicals and also by other mechanisms. Intracellular antioxidant enzymes and dietary antioxidant intake may help to maintain sufficient antioxidant status in the body. Antioxidants can decrease the oxidative damage directly via reacting with free radicals or indirectly by inhibiting the activity or expression of free radical generating enzymes or enhancing the activity or expression of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most well-known antioxidants which can be obtained exogenously from the diet or supplements or endogenously from de novo synthesis primarily in the liver. The intracellular content of GSH is a balance between depletion/breakdown and replenishment/synthesis. The aim of this review is to update the current approaches to study properties and mechanisms of action of endogenous and exogenous GST with emphasis on the chemical and biological systems.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 5.4pt; margin-right: .05in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; line-height: 17.85pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Antioxidants, free radicals, oxidative stress, glutathione</span></em></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Mulata HN. Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Glutathione in the Detoxification of Free Radicals. <em>Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology</em>. 2017; 7(1): 1–14p.</span></p>Haile Nega Mulata
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2017-04-242017-04-2472114Study of Road Traffic Accident (RTA) Fatalites Coming for Autopsy in FAAMCH, Barpeta, Assam
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8133
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:normal"><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Analysis of fatal road traffic accident cases in medico-legal autopsies, present study was conducted in the department of forensic medicine, FAAMC, Barpeta Assam from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015. The study was undertaken upon 210 victims of road traffic accident cases, who died due to various injuries, and were autopsied at Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College. Most of the accidents occurred in the afternoon hours and there was male dominance. Most affected age group was 21–30 years and two wheeler occupants were most commonly involved. Head injury is the most common causes of death. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:normal"><strong><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:normal"><strong><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif""> Road traffic accident, injury, two wheelers, death</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; line-height:normal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manoj Kumar Singha, Pradip Kumar Thakuria, Parthapratim Das, <em>et al.</em> Study of Road Traffic Accident (RTA) Fatalites Coming for Autopsy in FAAMCH, Barpeta, Assam. <em>Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. </em>2016; 6(3): 30–33p.</span></p>Manoj Kumar SinghaPradip Kumar ThakuriaParthapratim DasArpan Mazumder
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2017-01-072017-01-07723033Practices and Health Related Toxic Symptoms of Pesticide Use among Farm Workers
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7980
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The present study was conducted among farm workers at Amritsar, Punjab with the objectives to assess the practices related to purchase, storage and usage before and after spraying of pesticides and to assess the health related toxic symptoms of pesticide use. Data was collected from 100 farm workers selected by purposive sampling with the help of self-structured tool. The study revealed varied and inappropriate practices related to purchase, storage and usage of pesticides. The study also signified that majority of the farm workers (90.9%) reported skin rash/itching/burning, more than forty percent farm workers reported burning of eyes and one fourth farm workers reported lacrimation. Findings also reveal that there was significant association of health related toxic symptoms with family monthly income at (p<0.05).</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: Pesticide, farm workers, toxicity</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manpreet Kaur, Jyoti, Rajwant Kaur. Practices and Health Related Toxic Symptoms of Pesticide Use among Farm Workers. <em>Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. </em>2016; 6(3): 25–29p.</span></p>Manpreet KaurJyoti .Rajwant Kaur
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2016-12-282016-12-28722529Levels of Some Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Selected Cereals Marketed at Holeta City, Ethiopia
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7981
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Cereals are the most commonly and widely used sources of food in Ethiopia; hence determining the nutrient contents has a vital importance for the health of consumers. In the present study, the concentration of metals (Na, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, Co, Pb, and Ag) were determined in three cereal types (maize, sorghum and barely) using FAAS and flame photometry. The optimized wet digestion involving both, concentrated HNO<sub>3</sub> and HClO<sub>4 </sub>was employed for the decomposition of each cereal samples. The accuracy of an optimized procedure was confirmed by spiking some cereal samples and evaluating their recoveries. Satisfactory linearity <span class="hithilite">of</span> standard curves was obtained with elemental correlation coefficients over 0.9999. Metals were detected in all cereal types except Ag in all three cereal samples and Cd in maize and sorghum, which are below the method detection limit. The general pattern of concentration of metals in three cereal samples follow the decreasing order of K>Na>Fe>Co>Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu>Pb. However, the concentration of Mn in sorghum and Ni in both, barely and sorghum are out of this trend. The result of this study indicates that all types of cereals contain considerable concentration of metals and the results are comparable with literature values. Hence, the cereals could be considered as essential sources of dietary minerals and possible means of entrance for nutrients to food chain.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Cereals, metals, flame photometry, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB"> </span><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Cite this Article</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Mulatu Yohannes, Tarekegn Berhanu. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Levels of Some Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Selected Cereals Marketed at Holeta City, Ethiopia. <em>Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. </em>2016; 6(3): 19–24p.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>Mulatu YohannesTarekegn Berhanu
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2016-12-272016-12-27721924Toxicological Effect of Khat (Catha edulis) in Male Reproductive System
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7934
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">In this project paper, databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Hinary and Google search, were systematically searched for literature on the different aspects of Catha edulis (Khat) to synthesize, review, and present various research publications on the toxicology </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">to document the </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">effect of khat consumption on the histology and function of male </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">reproductive system</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">. The euphoric effects have been demonstrated to arise from the main constituent, (-)-S cathinone. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">Detailed studies on the effects of khat on reproduction are lacking. However, the limited available data reveal that chewing of khat has a negative impact on human reproductive health. The effect of khat </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">increased, as exposure of khat and time of exposure increased. Several studies revealed that experimental animals treated with the higher dose of khat show histopathological alterations in both, the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues with decreased semen quality, sperm concentration, level of testosterone and exhibited sign of pyknosis in some nuclei of spermatogonia, degeneration of primary spermatocytes and hypoplasia of interstitial tissue, many seminiferous tubules were severely damaged. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">In chronic chewers, sperm count, sperm volume and sperm motility were decreased; in addition to this, deformed spermatozoa have been found in daily khat users, with different patterns including head and flagella malformations in complete spermatozoa, flagellate heads, headless flagella, and multiple heads and flagella.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">Keywords</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">: Khat, flagella </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">cathinone, Catha edulis, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">impotence</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="EN-GB">, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">testosterone</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-no-proof: yes;" lang="EN-GB">, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";" lang="EN-GB">spermatogenesis, libido</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">Adhanom Gebreslassie Berhe. Toxicological Effect of Khat (<em>Catha edulis</em>) in Male Reproductive System. <em>Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. </em>2016; 6(3): 13–18p.</span></p>Adhanom Gebreslassie Berhe
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2016-12-142016-12-14721318Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of ATRA on the Testis of Elastase Induced Emphysematous Rats.
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7953
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Emphysema is the pathological manifestation primarily associated with lungs. However, there are evidences of extra-pulmonary manifestations related to emphysema. The inflammation developed during emphysema triggers the release of several inflammatory mediators, which affects the proximal as well as distal organs. The present study was designed to determine the effect of inflammatory spillage on testicular tissue of male Sprague dawley rats; moreover, the main focus was to assess the potential role of ATRA as an anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory molecule. Three experimental groups (i.e., control, SS; emphysema, ES; and therapy, EA) were prepared. Subsequently, the testis from each rat was collected for elastase activity assay, histopathology, catalase activity assay, protein expression of TNF-α and mRNA expression of genes associated with male fertility. The endogenous elastase activity in testis was significantly high in ES group as compared to SS group, while in EA group the activity was reduced significantly. Testis histopathology photomicrographs clearly shows degenerated leydig cell population in ES group, while, the population was regenerated in EA group. The catalase activity was reduced while protein expression of TNF-α was significantly increased in ES group, whereas, in response to ATRA the catalase activity was increased and protein expression of TNF-α was significantly decreased. The male fertility genes were significantly downregulated in ES group, while, significantly upregulated in EA group. ATRA supplementation has proven to be beneficial in reducing the inflammation along with maintaining the normal testis architecture as well as the male fertility genes.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">ATRA, Systemic Inflammation, Testis, Male fertility</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Cite this Article</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Swati Uniyal, Nimisha Sharma, Sudhir Kotnala <em>et al. </em>Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of ATRA on the Testis of Elastase Induced Emphysematous Rats. <em>Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. </em>2016; 6(3): 1–12p.</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>Swati UniyalNimisha SharmaSudhir KotnalaAmit TyagiJai Prakash Muyal
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2016-12-142016-12-1472112Review on Arsenic Toxicity: Its Treatment And Prevention
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7755
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Arsenic, a metalloid is distributed throughout the surface of the earth. It has various oxidation states, most common being +3 and +5. It is a highly toxic element and is often found in groundwater and contaminated drinking water and can enter the body through various routes like ingestion, absorption and inhalation. Arsenic toxicity can be both acute as well as chronic and can lead to several diseases of the human body. In this review, the major toxic effects of arsenic contamination are discussed along with few possible remedies and prevention of arsenic contamination.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Arsenic, toxicity, chronic, treatment, prevention</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Madhurima Chatterjee, Rajdeep Banerjee, Rabindranath Bhattacharyya. Review on Arsenic Toxicity: its Treatment and Prevention. <em>Research & Reviews: Journal of Toxicology</em>. 2016; 6(2): 17–22p.</span></p>Madhurima ChatterjeeRajdeep BanerjeeRabindranath Bhattacharyya
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2016-09-172016-09-17721722Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Inhabiting in the Digestive Tract of Tetrodon cutcutia Collected from the River Brahmaputra, Assam, India
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7729
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN">The Tetrodon cutcutia found in the river Brahmaputra were dissected and its intestinal contents were examined for the presence of bacterial strains. In situ culture of bacteria inhabiting the intestine of Tetrodon cutcutia was conducted in the media followed by biochemical analysis. A novel bacterial strain was confirmed by NCBI after 16S rRNA sequencing.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN"> Tetrodon cutcutia, 16S rRNA sequencing, novel bacterial strain</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN">J.K. Nath, S. Khound, T.G. Devina<em>.</em><strong> </strong>Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Inhabiting in the Digestive Tract of <em>Tetrodon cutcutia</em> Collected from the River Brahmaputra, Assam, India. <em>Research & Reviews: Journal of Toxicology.</em> 2016; 6(2): 13–16p.</span></p>J. K. NathS. KhoundT. G. Devina
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2016-09-172016-09-17721316Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) Agonists for the Treatment of Diabetes
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7681
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A series of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists bearing </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">different fatty acid esters and amides as substituents in the positions 3 and 4 of the benzylidene moiety</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> have been designed, synthesized and tested as potential antihyperglycemic agents. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The compounds containing stearic acid (A1TU, A2TU, A3TU, A2TS and A3TS) exhibited the maximum activity (64.7-70.3 % BG reduction) among all the synthesized compounds. The capric acid containing compounds (D2TU and D3TU) showed the minimum activity (28.8-36.3 % BG reduction) with exception of D1TU and D1TS which exhibited 57.2 % and 48.7 % of BG reduction respectively. Compounds containing myristic acid (B1TU, B2TU, B3TU, B1TS and B3TS) and palmitic acid (C1TU, C2TU, C3TU, C2TS and C3TS) were found to be less active than stearic acid derivatives but more active than capric acid derivatives. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 6.0in;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> PPAR-γ, thiazolidinedione, fatty acids, antihyperglycemic activity</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Kumar and Kumar.<em> </em>Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) Agonists for the Treatment of Diabetes. <em>Research & Reviews: Journal of Toxicology</em>. 2016; 6(2): 1–12p.</span></p>Ashwani KumarSahil Kumar
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2016-08-232016-08-2372112Research and Industrial Insight: Toxicology
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7400
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on more astronomically immense and more intricate groups, such as the family unit or society at sizably voluminous. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">A central concept of toxicology is that effects are dose-dependent; even dihydrogen monoxide can lead to dihydrogen monoxide intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-categorical, making cross-species analysis problematic. More incipient paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></p>Himani Pandey
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2016-05-202016-05-20724145Tobacco Consequences Oral Health: A Review Article
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7251
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Use of tobacco is one of the most important risk factor for oral cancer, periodontal disease, mucosal lesions and dental implant failure. Tobacco smoking frequently increases the risk of oral cancer and quitting smoking results in reduced risk. In various forms of periodontal disease, the severity and prevalence is higher among smokers as compared to non-smokers. Risks of peri-implantitis and maintenance of oral hygiene are adversely affected by smoking. The precancerous and oral cancer development risk is higher in smokers. Smokeless tobacco and betel nut chewing produce similar risks of cancer development as tobacco smoking. Cessation of tobacco use positively effect and has many benefits of improving oral health. The aim and purpose of this paper is to review tobacco use effects on a variety of oral cancer, diseases and conditions with particular emphasis on the effects of dental implant failure, periodontal diseases and risks of development of prevalence and oral cancer.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tobacco, oral health, public health, tobacco smoking</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sheikh Arslan Sehgal, Rana Adnan Tahir. Tobacco Consequences Oral Health: A Review Article. <em>Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. </em>2016; 6(1): 28–40p.</span></p>Sheikh Arslan SehgalRana Adnan Tahir
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2016-05-202016-05-20722840Histopathological effects of silver nanoparticles on gills and liver of freshwater fingerlings Catla catla (Ham.)
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7316
<p><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Fish is the best biomarker to identify the adverse effect on surroundings. Here, Fingerlings of major carp (<em>Catla catla</em>) were used as a model in the present work to investigate toxicity caused by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The fish exposed to different concentrations of 10 <em>μ</em>g/L and 30 <em>μ</em>g/L AgNPs for 15 days were sampled at days 5, 10 and 15 for histology. This exposure caused organ injuries, and the kinds of pathologies observed include aneurisms, necrosis in the secondary lamellae of the gills, clumping in cartilaginous core, congestion of secondary lamellae, and lifted up interlamellar epithelium. Liver histology exhibits various abnormalities including congestion of hepatocytes, pyknotic cells, severe hemorrhage and cellular clumping in central lobular vein, parenchymal vacuolization, focalnecrosis and dilation of sinusoid.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords: </span></em></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">AgNPs, Liver, Gill, Histopathology, <em>Catla catla</em></span></p>A. PatelU. DaniA. Bahadur
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2016-05-202016-05-20721827Cadmium and Apoptosis: A Molecular Approach
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7326
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death is a highly regulated and fundamental process found in all multicellular organisms. It is not only implicated in regulatory mechanisms of cells, but has been attributed to a number of diseases, like inflammation, malignancy, autoimmunity and neuro-degeneration. A variability of pollutants can persuade apoptosis. Oncogenic transition metals like cadmium, promote apoptosis alongside DNA base modifications, strand breaks and rearrangements. Generation of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, upregulation of caspase-3, downregulation of bcl-2,and deficiency of p-53 lead to the Cadmium (Cd) induced apoptosis. Metallothionein expression determines the choice between apoptosis and necrosis in Cd-induced toxicity. Thus, disorders of apoptosis may play a critical role in some of the most debilitating metal-induced afflictions including hepato-toxicity, renal toxicity, neuro-toxicity, autoimmunity and carcinogenesis. An understanding of Cd-induced apoptosis will be obliging in the development of precautionary molecular approach. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Metals, cadmium, apoptosis, cell proliferation, carcinogenicity</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">K. Shagirtha, S. Miltonprabu. Cadmium and Apoptosis: A Molecular Approach. <em>Research and Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology.</em> 2016; 6(1): 8–17p.</span></p>K. ShagirthaS. Miltonprabu
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2016-05-202016-05-2072817Adverse Effects of Oil Spills on Human and Marine Life and Causing Deterioration to Ecological Balance
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7049
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Petroleum based products are vital to human existence as water, and serves as the basic wall of defense for the future generation. Oil spills have become a global problem in developed and industrialized countries. Accidental spills and leaks damage the highly complex marine ecosystem resulting in some significantly environmental disasters. Short and long-term effects of oil spill on marine environment generate a widespread public concern with an enormous pressure on the legislation and responsible parties. The outcome of oil pollution to environment and human health has brought a major challenge to the environmental society. This paper discusses about the environmental effects of oil spills and consequent clean-up activities on marine flora and fauna and their natural domain. It also discusses the impact of human social and economic activities. Physical and chemical approaches are too expensive and it creates adverse effects. Bioremediation has been emerged as one of the most favorable treatment option for oil removal, which involves the use of microorganisms. This oil-degrading indigenous microorganism plays a very significant role in reducing the overall environmental impact caused due to large oil spills. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Crude oil, bioremediation, marine life, economical activities, oil spill</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dwivedi S. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Adverse Effects of Oil Spills on Human and Marine Life and Causing Deterioration to Ecological Balance. </span><em style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology.</em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> 2016; 6(1): 1–7p.</span><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></em></p>Seema Dwivedi
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2016-05-202016-05-207217The Acute Toxicological Effects of Paraquat on Male Reproductive Hormones (Testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone) of Intoxicated Rats
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=6567
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paraquat (PQ) a contact herbicide widely used to control weeds in agricultural, recreational, or industrial sites has been linked in various studies as a contributory agent to high male infertility in regions of most use. The current study investigated the acute toxicity effect of PQ administered intraperitoneal (ip.) on reproductive hormones; luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (Te) of male rats. 24 rats, grouped four per group (A–F) were singularly administered different doses of PQ (0, 0.09, 0.18, 0.35, 0.70 and 1.00 g/kg BW) respectively. The animals were closely observed within 24 h for signs of toxicity, including death. The time of onset of such signs were noted and recorded against the dose levels, from where the median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) were calculated, and at near-death state 4 ml of blood samples were collected using cardiac procedures. The samples were processed and analyzed for sex hormones: LH, FSH and Te. The results obtained indicated that the LD<sub>50</sub> of PQ was 0.45 g/Kg, classified as moderately toxic to the rats. The onset-time of symptoms (pallor, sedation, respiratory distress, convulsion, coma and death) decreased with increase in dose, while the severity of symptoms increased with increase in dose given, with the dead animals presenting at dose 0.18 g/Kg BW (group C) and increasing in number till dose 1.00 g/Kg BW (group F). Paraquat at dose level 0.09 to 1.00 g/kg BW caused significant, dose dependent, decreases in the mean levels of LH and Te (P≤0.001) with no observable significant change noted on the mean FSH levels (P≥0.001). These effects were suggestive of possibly sterility action of PQ on the rat. From the results, it is obvious that caution should be applied when handling PQ or any other related chemical to preclude possible deleterious effects of paraquat on male fertility.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Paraquat, acute, toxicity, sex hormones, male rats</span></em></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Okolonkwo BN. The Acute Toxicological Effects of Paraquat on Male Reproductive Hormones (Testosterone, Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone) of Intoxicated Rats. </span><em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology.</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2015; 5(3): 13–16p.</span></p>Okolonkwo BNNwachuku EOBrisibie N.
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2015-12-012015-12-01721316Pattern of Poisoning, Management and Antidote Availability in St. Paulo’s Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=6515
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poisoning is the contact with a substance that results in toxicity. It can be deliberate or accidental. Antidotes are substances opposing the harmful effect of poisons and are cornerstones in the management of poisoning. Availability of antidotes highly affects the effective poisoning management.<strong> </strong>To assess the poisoning management in relation to an antidote availability. A retrospective study was used to assess the practice of poisoning management and antidote availability in St. Paulo’s specialized hospital.<strong> </strong>Females are among the majority of acutely poisoned patients (50.6%) and most of the patients are in the younger age groups (32.4%). The most common type of poison is sodium hypochlorite (Berekina) (45.2%) which the most common source is household materials (48.6%). Intentional self-harm (95.4) was the common circumstance of poisoning and majority of patients improved (74.6%) after management. Low number of antidotes were available and gastric lavage and fluid resuscitation were the common management options in the absence of antidotes (61.4%) and (33%) respectively.<strong> </strong>Even though the recommended items of antidote were not available, the management pattern is good based on the outcome. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">It is recommended to have sufficient items of antidotes to improve the overall management practice of poisoning and the hospital organization should take the responsibility in preparing list of antidotes that should be available in the hospital and formulating guideline for poisoning management should also be considered.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> poison, antidote, sodium hypochlorite, gastric lavage</span></em></p> <h1 style="margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: windowtext;"> </span></strong><strong style="font-size: 10px;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cite this Article</span></strong></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebebe D, Gobena M, Seelam RK. Pattern of poisoning management and antidote availability in st. Paulo’s specialized hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. <em>Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology.</em> 2015; 5(3): 8–12p.</span></p>Dereje KebebeMebruka GobenaRamya Krishna Seelam
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2015-12-012015-12-0172812Determination of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Soil using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gazipur District, Bangladesh
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=6590
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} --> <!--[endif] --> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">This study was </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">undertaken </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">to determine the presence of pesticide residues in some agricultural soils of Gazipur district in Bangladesh. The collected soil sam</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ples were analyzed for some selected </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">pesticides such as </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: AdvGulliv-R;">DDT, methoxychlor</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: AdvGulliv-R;">acephate, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">fenthion,</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: AdvGulliv-R;"> fenitrothion, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">parathion, ethion, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: AdvGulliv-R;">carbaryl, carbofuran</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> and c</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ypermethrin</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> with PDA detector</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. The results </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">showed that</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> none of the soil samples were contaminated with </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">o</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">rganochlorine and pyrithrium pesticides. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Soil sample (SS-1) was contaminated with fenitrothion and car</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">bofuran at 1.36</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">and 3.09 mg kg<sup>-1</sup></span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">dry weight </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;">respectively. On the other hand, SS-2, SS</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">-</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;">3, SS-</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">5 and</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> SS-</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">6</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> were found contaminated with carbaryl at 0.25 </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">mg kg<sup>-1</sup></span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;">, acephate at 0.25 </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">mg kg<sup>-1</sup></span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;">, fenitrothion at 0.47 </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">mg kg<sup>-1</sup></span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> and carbofuran at 3.34 </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: KO;">mg kg<sup>-1</sup>,</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> respectively. In this study, no m</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ethoxychlor,</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DDT, </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;">fenthion, parathion, ethion and </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Cypermethrin</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> were detected in any soil sample. I</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ndiscriminate use of these pesticides may cause hazards to human health and the environment. The study also suggested that regular monitoring programs for pesticide residues in soil are needed to protect environmental degradation.</span></em><em></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> HPLC, soil, organochlorine, organophophorus, carbamates pesticides</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Md. Mahbub Hasan, Nurul Karim, Md. Akhtaruzzaman <em>et al. </em>Determination of pesticide residues in agricultural soil using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Gazipur district, Bangladesh. <em>Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology</em>. 2015; 5(3): 1–7p.</span></p>Md. Mahbub HasanNurul KarimMd. AkhtaruzzamanMd. Shakhaoat HossainMd. Mazibur RahmanMd. Abbas AlamM. Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury
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2015-12-012015-12-017217Differential Response by Rotenone on Human Trabecular Meshwork and HeLa Cell Lines
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=6265
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cellular response towards a particular stress condition is dependent on a number of factors including genetic makeup, microenvironmental factors, nutrient availability etc. Cells under same stress condition respond differentially and may exhibit pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic behavior. Two quite different cell lines—the cancerous cells of HeLa and the Human Trabecular Meshwork (HTM) cell line with very different microenvironmental requirements behave very differently towards oxidative insult due to rotenone. Study of their differential behavior revealed more susceptibility of HeLa cells in comparison to HTM cells. This clearly supports the therapeutic utility of rotenone against cancerous growth. </span></em></p> <p class="Default" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">rotenone, oxidative stress, cancerous cells of HeLa, human trabecular meshwork cell line, cell behavior</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Maurya N, Agarwal NR, Ghosh I<em>. </em>Differential Response by Rotenone on Human Trabecular Meshwork and HeLa Cell Lines. <em>Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT).</em> 2015; 5(2): 14–22p.</span></p>Maurya N.Agarwal N. R.Ghosh I.
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2015-08-182015-08-18721422Parameters of “Safety†in the Food Additive Industry: A Review of Risks and Benefits
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=6129
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Safety is in the eye of the beholder.” What is deemed “safe” by one observer may seem dangerous or risky to others. To approach this apparent quandary and assure ongoing scientific input, most food additives should be tested on laboratory animals and subsequently monitored if approved for human or animal consumption (i.e., parallel to the pathway for the approval of drugs). The term “safety” in the study of the toxicology of food additives is based on the situational concept “acceptable risk” for the benefits that may subsequently be gained at a given level of risk. Determination of risk/benefit ratios attempts at quantifying these risks and relating them to possible benefits of human consumption. Furthermore, the risk of using a substance relates not only to the benefits ascertained, but to sociocultural parameters like preference and demand. The determination of “safety” is almost always dose-dependent in the approval process and research analysis regulating the consumption of a particular food additive. However, the high-intensity sweetener saccharin does not seem to closely follow dose-dependent models for studies of carcinogens. On the other hand, sensitive organotropic models for the male rat bladder have been developed and tested with saccharin. This unusual toxicology of saccharin has led to misinterpretation by research studies and subsequent mishandling of previous results by industry. After extensive toxicology studies in male rats in the 1970s, saccharin came under statutory control of Federal actions requiring labeling as a carcinogen. Manufacturing corporations of saccharin countered the labeling by employing organized pressure from marketing studies and political lobbying. Furthermore, the extensive studies of laboratory animals in the 1970s were re-interpreted by 2001, but the damage was done. The decreased public consumption of saccharin use continues to this day. As a result of this re-analysis, saccharin was re-categorized as a “probable but not definite carcinogen” (i.e., weak bladder carcinogen) and warning labels were subsequently removed from all products. Although it now has a somewhat damaged reputation, saccharin remains approved today for human consumption by the rules of risk/benefit ratios.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Toxicology,<strong> </strong>food additives, risk/benefit ratios, cancer, saccharin</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Flaer Paul J, Badri Sepideh.</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parameters of “safety” in The Food Additive Industry: A Review of Risks and Benefits. </span><em style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT).</em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> 2015; 5(2): 7–13p.</span><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span></em></p>Paul J. FlaerSepideh Badri
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2015-07-212015-07-2172713Toxic Potential of Carbaryl on Reproductive and Fertility Parameter in Male Wister Albino Rats
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=RRJoT&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=5975
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abstract</span></em></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This study aims to evaluate the adverse effect of carbaryl on reproductive system of male Wister albino rats. Adult male Wister albino rats were orally administered with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight of carbaryl for 90 days. Animals from each group were sacrificed after the study period. Sperm count, sperm motility, antioxidant assay (SOD, CAT, LPO, and protein carbonyl), Hormones assay histological analysis and fertility parameters were performed on each rat. Fertility was significantly reduced in these rats. The body weight gain was significantly lower and the sperm count and motility were significantly decreased in carbaryl-administered males. The serum level of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were also significantly reduced. The protein carbonyl and antioxidant enzyme activities were decreased. The histological lesion also increased when the doses were increased. The results clearly demonstrate the adverse effect of carbaryl pesticides on fertility and reproduction in male rats.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Carbaryl, testicular toxicity, testosterone and pesticide</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sundararajan Madhumathi, Ganapathy Murugan Alagu Lakshmanan.<strong> </strong>Toxic potential of carbaryl on reproductive and fertility parameter in male Wister albino rats. <em>Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT).</em> 2015; 5(2): 1–6p.</span></p>Sundararajan MadhumathiGanapathy Murugan Alagu Lakshmanan
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2015-06-302015-06-307216