Trends in Electrical Engineering
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 13.5pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 15pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #3f3f3f;">Focus and Scope Covers</span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #3f3f3f;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Power Generation</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Transmission & Conversion</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Electrical Machinery</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Control Theory & Industrial Controls</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Robotics</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Electrical Transportation Equipments</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Insulation, Solar Energy, High-power Semiconductors</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 18.75pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; color: #666666;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #666666;">Economic & Environmental Aspects of Energy Production and Distribution</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 15pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #3f3f3f;">All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance. </span></p>en-USTrends in Electrical Engineering2321 – 4260<p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 5pt; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Declaration and Copyright Transfer Form</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(to be completed by authors)</span></p><p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/ We, the undersigned author(s) of the submitted manuscript, hereby declare, that the above manuscript which is submitted for publication in the STM Journals(s), is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> published already in part or whole (except in the form of abstract) in any journal or magazine for private or public circulation, and, is <strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span></strong> under consideration of publication elsewhere. </span></p><p style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/We will not withdraw the manuscript after 1 week of submission as I have read the Author Guidelines and will adhere to the guidelines.</span></p><p style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/We Author(s ) have niether given nor will give this manuscript elsewhere for publishing after submitting in STM Journal(s).</span></p><p style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">I/ We have read the original version of the manuscript and am/ are responsible for the thought contents embodied in it. The work dealt in the manuscript is my/ our own, and my/ our individual contribution to this work is significant enough to qualify for authorship.</span></p><p style="line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 5pt 0in 5pt 0.5in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: Symbol; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I/We also agree to the authorship of the article in the following order:</span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Author’s name<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1. ________________ </span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2. ________________ </span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">3. ________________ </span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">4. _______________</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></p><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; background: white; vertical-align: top; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></p><table style="width: 100%; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;" class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 3pt; border: #f0f0f0; border-image: none; width: 5%; background-color: transparent;" width="5%" valign="top"><p style="text-align: center; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><input name="copyrightNoticeAgree" type="checkbox" value="1" /></span></p></td><td style="padding: 0.75pt 0.75pt 3pt; border: #f0f0f0; border-image: none; width: 95%; background-color: transparent;" width="95%" valign="top"><p style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">We <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Author(s) tick this box and would request you to consider it as our signature as we agree to the terms of this Copyright Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published by this journal.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>A Survey on Microgrid Power Control and Management Technique for Distributed Power Generator Units
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8600
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The micro grid could consist of several configurations of renewable and non-renewable energy sources like solar photo-voltaic cell (PV) array that varies with the utility because of the fluctuations in primary power generation unit. Such integration of renewable energy reserves within the micro grid may well be accustomed in order to supplement the gap caused by variability in the power generation. The control and power management methods for the distributed power generation (DPG) inverters employs a brand new model based on predictive management rule to avail power distribution services in much faster computational time, that too for large scale power systems by optimizing the steady-state and also the transient control challenge on an individual basis. This study presents a survey of control and management techniques for micro-grid consisting of various DPG units. Herein, we summarizes several management schemes and methodologies used for the DPG inverter that decomposes the control downside into steady-state and transient sub issues so as to cut back the general computation time in order to form the stability of power distribution system with additive responsiveness.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> Energy management, microgrid, renewable power source</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Kirti Yadav, Uma Shankar Patel. A Survey on Microgrid Power Control and Management Technique for Distributed Power Generator Units. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering</em>. 2017; 7(2): 47–55p.</span></span></p>Kirti YadavUma Shankar Patel
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2017-09-212017-09-21724755Review of Grid Scale Energy Storage Systems
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8602
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Utilization of battery energy storage systems (BESS) is a must for smart grids. The reason being the fact that the current power distribution system of electric grids produces vast amount of energy for marinating a power quality; thereby leading to the significant detachment of amount of energy consumed and that of produced. Thus, enhanced modelling for such storage system is required for efficient energy utilization and its subsequent monitoring. This study presents an outline of battery management system (BMS) which dictates the usage of energy storage system. By the deployment of such BMS the inefficiencies and waste in electric grids can be curbed.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> Grid storage system, battery energy storage systems, control systems, electric grid</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Archana Sahu, Uma Shankar Patel. Review of Grid Scale Energy Storage Systems. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering</em>. 2017; 7(2): 32–46p.</span></span></p>Archana SahuUma Shankar Patel
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2017-09-202017-09-20723246Voltage Stability Study based on New Evolutionary Algorithm
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8585
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This paper describes a PSO optimization algorithm for voltage stability study and its enhancement based on proximity and mechanism analysis. This theorem is implemented based on Gershgorin’s Circle Theorem. The control variables responsible for enhancing the voltage stability limit are generator bus voltages at PV buses, the taps of On-Load –Tap-Changing Transformer. (OLTC), change in reactive power etc. The objective function of proposed algorithm is to maximize the minimal diagonal entries of Reduced Jacobean matrix. This diagonal element of Reduced Jacobean Matrix is maximized within its upper and lower limit of voltages, load angle, line losses, line flows etc. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been used to get optimal solution. The developed algorithm has been implemented on IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus test system and compared the results with BBPSO method. The outcomes of PSO have proved the better effectiveness and easy way of finding the solution of optimization of proposed problem compared to BBPSO. The simulation for parameter optimization has been approved with computational tool like MATLAB10.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Gershgorin, circular, PSO, BBPSO, eigen value, voltage stability</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">V.R.Patel, B.N.Suthar<em><sup>.</sup>. </em><span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">Voltage Stability Study Based on New Evolutionary Algorithm. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering</em>. 2017; 7(2): 21–31p.</span></span></p>V. R. PatelB. N. Suthar
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2017-09-062017-09-06722131Design and Simulation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Solar Battery Charge Controller
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8634
<div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><em>As solar energy is a renewable energy that has the capacity to lessen energy crisis in the world, so there is a strong need to harvest and utilize this energy. This paper describes the simulation of a solar energy based MPPT battery charger controller and a protection system will also be integrated with the design. The proposed design uses PID controller based voltage and current controller for battery charging circuit. Also it controls the operation of a buck-boost DC-DC converter in order to draw maximum power from the PV panel. Perturb and Observe algorithm is used to operate the circuit at maximum power point irrespective of the present temperature and irradiance conditions of the PV panel. The battery is used to store the solar power so as to get energy when required and as per use i.e. if AC, then an inverter can be connected after the battery and if DC, then a DC-DC converter can be used according to need. The proposed design is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.</em></span></span></div><div><em><br /></em></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><em><strong>Keywords: </strong>MPPT, PV panel, perturb and observe, PID controller, EMI filter, solar charge controller</em></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><em><br /></em></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><strong>Cite this Article</strong></div><div>Shohel Sanower, Ahmed Mortuza Saleque. Design and Simulation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Solar Battery Charge Controller. Trends in Electrical Engineering. 2017; 7(2): 11–20p.</div></span></span></div>Md. Shohel SanowerAhmed Mortuza Saleque
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2017-09-062017-09-06721120An Improvement of Voltage Stability by Generator Bus Rescheduling
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8584
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><em>This paper focuses on assessment and improvement of voltage stability by Georgeoschrin’s theorem using new evolutionary TLBO and PSO algorithm. In today’s environment, voltage stability maintained without sacrificing the power system parameters is really a herculean task. Generally, eigen value of reduced Jacobian matrix or Jacobian matrix of N-R base load flow analysis is well thought-out as voltage stability indices for weak bus identification. Here, the diagonal elements reduced Jacobian matrix of N-R based load flow study have been approximated as eigen values and then same have been optimized with TLBO and PSO. The generator bus voltage and tapings of tap changing transformer have been considered as control parameters for improving voltage stability. TLBO and PSO method has been implemented on two standard IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems to optimize the control parameters in addition to diagonal elements of reduced Jacobian matrix. It gives the useful information to the operator from security view point. Results indicate the effectiveness of these algorithms for solving voltage stability analysis based on Georgeoschrin’s theorem. The simulation for parameter optimization has been approved with computational tool like MATLAB10.</em></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><em><br /></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><em><strong>Keywords:</strong> TLBO, PSO, eigen value, inclusion, voltage stability</em></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em></em></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 13.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Patel VR, Suthar BN. An Improvement of Voltage Stability by Generator Bus Rescheduling.<em> Trends in Electrical Engineering. </em>2017; 7(2): 1–10p.</span></span></p>V. R. PatelB. N. Suthar
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2017-08-162017-08-1672110Power Swing Detection and Out-of-step Prediction Using the Equal Area Criterion
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8339
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU;" lang="EN-AU">During the operating conditions, the modern interconnected power systems are more subjected sudden changes, such as faults, network changes due to line trip outs, and disconnection of a large load or of a generating plant. Such disturbaces create power swing amongs the other generators which forces the remaining generators to adjust and settle to new stable conditions. In some cases, the swings are so large that some generators run out of step and lose synchronism. During stable power swing, if the measured impedance becomes very small and enters the distance relay zones, it can lead to an undesired trip of the distance relay. So, fast and proper detection of power swing and fault is very important for distance protection. It is also very important to distinguish between stable and unstable power swings. So, many different methods are used for detrection. This paper presents a new approach bsed on equal area criterion to detect system stability. The fundamentals and its application to detect fault and power swing are discussed in this paper. With the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations technique, we can also distinguish stable and unstable power swing correctly, which is very useful for setting of out of step blocking (OSB) and out of step tripping (OST) functions.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;" lang="EN-IN"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 26.1pt; tab-stops: 2.5in;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Distance protection, stable and unstable power swing, loss of synchronism, equal area criterion</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;" lang="EN-IN">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0in;">Upadhyay VJ, Pandya AS. Power Swing Detection and Out-of-step Prediction Using the Equal Area Criterion. <em><span lang="EN-IN">Trends in Electrical Engineering.</span></em><span lang="EN-IN"> 2017; 7(1): 51–60p.</span></p>V. J. UpadhyayA. S. Pandya
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2017-05-042017-05-04723944Automation of Rack Milling Machine
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8327
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Our project is about automation of old milling machine by replacing its control circuitry with PLC logic. There is one old Germen rack milling machine in the power tools manufacturing industry named Eibenstock Positron Ltd. Tardal for making the racks of metal bar. This machine was working on old hard wired control logic. This control logic had difficulties in troubleshooting problems, modification of system could not be done easily and control box was large, also complicated. In that machine, we replaced hard wire control logic by PLC based control logic. The mechanical components remained same but we used new electrical components to make compatible with PLC. The ‘Eibenstock Positron’ is power tools manufacturing industry; there, different types of machines are assembled. These machines include drilling, screwing, mixing, cutting etc. In magnetic drill machines, for vertical movement of drill head, instead of smooth slider, racked slider is used. Rack slider helps not only for momentary action but also stays in steady position while operating against vibrations created by the drilling action.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Keywords</span></em></strong><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #252525;">: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PLC, relay, reed switch, 3-phase motor, SMPS, proximity sensor, contactors</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-language: MR;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-language: MR;">Suraj Deshmane, Mayuresh Kadam, Patil PR <em>et al</em>. Automation of Rack Milling Machine. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering. </em>2017; 7(1): 48–50p.</span></p>Suraj DeshmaneMayuresh KadamTejash ArageSafdar MujawarP. R. Patil
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2017-04-062017-04-06724850Topology, Operation and Control of Modular Multilevel Converter for Grid Application: A Review
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8324
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">Modular multilevel converter </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">(MMC) </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">is a widely accepted technology for </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">high voltage direct-current (</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">HVDC</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">)</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB"> application</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB">. Due to</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> its modularity, scalability, power quality, and no need of bulky filter on ac side, they are widely used as voltage source converters in HVDC applications. This paper presents a comprehensive study on MMC</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="EN-GB"> technology for grid applications along with different modulation techniques and voltage balancing strategies which are essential for the converter to work as a rectifier or an inverter. The paper provides a general overview of the topology along with the operation of MMC. The main focus of the paper is on the control strategy of the MMC. Out of all the available topologies, the most suitable strategy is discussed and highlighted.</span></em></p> <p class="Abstract" style="margin-top: 1.0pt; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Modular multilevel converter (MMC) modulation techniques, circulating current control, high-voltage direct-current transmission, capacitor voltage balancing</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Rajnish Bhasker, Vineeta Agarwal. Topology, Operation and Control of Modular Multilevel Converter for Grid Application: A Review. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2017; 7(1): 25–47p.</span></p>Rajnish BhaskerVineeta Agarwal
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2017-04-062017-04-06722547Home Automation System using Android Application
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8309
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Automation systems are getting popularity now days and are being used at various places. This proposed system focuses on the need of the handicapped people and also can control home appliances from outdoor as well as indoor location which is the main aim of this project. It is able to control electrical appliances by using android App, but it can be designed for specific application depending on the user’s needs, while reducing the electricity wastage by giving user the power to control, conserve and react according to his needs. In this system, home appliances are controlled by GSM (global system for mobile communication) technology and Wi-Fi technology. GSM is used in cases when controlling is necessary from long distance from a home and Wi-Fi is used when controlling from nearby the home. This system is wireless controlled system.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Home automation, GSM, ARM7, Wi-Fi, android mobile</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Gawade Devdas, Burungale Dhanaji, Mali Vaibhav <em>et al. </em>Home Automation System using Android Application. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering</em>. 2017; 7(1): 19–24p.</span></p>Gawade DevdasBurungale DhanajiMali VaibhavHingangave SaurabhPatil Pravin
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2017-03-312017-03-31721924Aspect of Power Transformer Design and Optimization
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8157
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Transformer is one of the most important components of power system. Preliminarily it looks a simple device but from analysis and innovative point of view it is the big bank of engineering, which comprises civil, mechanical, chemical and electrical engineering. It’s the time of taking challenges and respective solution of minimizing cost of transformer without affecting customer specifications. This is only possible by design optimization process. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-language: GU;">Optimization is the process of making something better. Problems in engineering, economics and physical and social sciences entail the optimization (minimization or maximization) of an objective function subject to certain constraints (restrictions and tradeoffs). This paper deals with modern design optimization of core type power transformers. Different methods are presented to solve important transformer design problems. </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p> <p class="papertitle" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Transformer design, tranmsformer design optimization(TDO), magnetic circuit, no-load losses, efficiency, sequential quadratic programming (SQP), MATLAB, TDO by iterative method</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article </span></strong></p><p class="papertitle" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chirag Parekh, Chetan Kotwal, Hiral Upadhyay. Aspect of Power Transformer Design and Optimization. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2017; 7(1): 8–18p.</span></p>Chirag ParekhChetan KotwalHiral Upadhyay
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2017-03-042017-03-0472818An Interline Dynamic Voltage Restorer (IDVR) To Mitigate Voltage Sags
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8107
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Nonlinear load are the vast source for voltage sags. Loads such as arc furnace, large variable frequency drives (VFD) Voltage interruptions can cause severe economic loss to the power system. To protect sensitive loads at the consumer side generally a DVR (dynamic voltage restorer) can be used. DVR is connected in series with the line by injection transformer and it is generally located at the distribution side. DVR is basically a power electronic device, which has become popular in protecting industries against voltage disturbances. DVR injects an appropriate voltage in series with the supply voltage through the injection transformer if the voltage sag is detected. By using DVR we can improve the power transfer ability and also the transient stability of the distribution system. Nowadays instead of using a single DVR we can use an IDVR (interline dynamic voltage restorer), which can be connected between two feeders.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 150%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">IDVR, DC link voltage, DVR, VFD</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Komal R. Bhosale, Chandrakant R. Lakade.<em> </em>An Interline Dynamic Voltage Restorer (IDVR) To Mitigate Voltage Sags. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering. </em>2017; 7(1): 1–7p.</span></p>Komal R. BhosaleChandrakant R. Lakade
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2017-03-032017-03-037217Reactive Power Pricing Technique in A Competitive Market
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8066
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For maintaining voltages of each bus within specific range, proper reactive power support is mandatory. Reactive power is considered as an ancillary service in the restructured electricity market, hence it is price based service and controlled by ISO. Here, a modified optimal power flow (OPF) optimization method is proposed over the bids received from Gencos and to maintain the system security and stability subject to the constraints imposed by different limits such as thermal limits, voltage limits and stability limits. The modified OPF model is used to ensure the system security and the expected payment function (EPF) of generators is considered to develop a bidding framework. Total payment function (TPF) based OPF is taken to clear the pay-as-bid (PAB) market. In the present work, a 24 bus RTS network is used for analysis and demonstration of the results. The system security is preserved even in the worst contingency state.<span style="color: #221f1f;"></span></span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #221f1f;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #221f1f;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #221f1f;"> Reactive power pricing, pay-as-bid, ancillary services, contingency analysis, reliability test system, GAMS, reactive power procurement, payment function</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: #221f1f;">Gupta SK, Ratneshwaram Krishnam, Diksha Gupta. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reactive Power Pricing Technique in a Competitive Market. </span><em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Trends in Electrical Engineering.</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 2016; 6(3): 89–100p.</span></p>S. K. GuptaRatneshwaram KrishnamDiksha Gupta
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2016-12-272016-12-277289100Multi-Attribute Based Optimal Location of Renewable Energy Sources in Deregulated Power Sector
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8086
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Integration of renewable energy into power grid has great importance for the electrical power system. Several methods have been developed to determine the optimal location of renewable energy sources in the power system based on technical and economical aspects. In the present paper, the optimum location of renewable energy sources has been determined by considering social benefit, power loss and pollutant emission. A prominent optimization technique, primal-dual interior point method (PDIPM) has been applied for maximizing the social benefit. A multi-attribute approach has been used for optimal location of renewable energy generators by considering various factors like minimizing power loss, and pollutant emission. Furthermore, the availability of renewal sources like solar and wind has also been considered in this paper for optimal location of renewable generators. This approach is validated on IEEE-5 and IEEE-30 bus systems.</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Social benefit, pollutant emission, power losses, optimal location of RESs</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Digambar Singh, Yog Raj Sood. Multi-Attribute Based Optimal Location of Renewable Energy Sources in Deregulated Power Sector.</span> <em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Trends in Electrical Engineering</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. 2016; 6(3): 78–88p.</span></p>Digambar SinghYog Raj Sood
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2016-12-272016-12-27727888A Study of Cycloconverter Gating Sequence and Control Strategy for Various Conversion Topology
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8080
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">This paper presents the topology of direct conversion of AC-AC with step down frequency operation. Due to the higher order harmonics, AC conversion always faces difficulty and complex calculation, which affects the output response. Precise controlling and harmonics reduction is much easier using frequency control strategy. In this regards cycloconverter has drawn higher attention in terms of frequency conversion. In this paper, an approach for designing of single phase and three phase cycloconverter is reported. The gating sequence has been designed for desired frequency conversion. Again, the performance of the designed converters is evaluated using Matlab/Simulink software for different types of loads. The rotor speed of induction motor (IM) is observed here as a dynamic AC load. The complete description of the models for the frequency conversion is provided and simulation results for resistive, inductive and motor validate the developed strategy.</span></em><em></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cycloconverter, frequency conversion, firing angle, induction motor, harmonics</span></em></p><p class="IETPaperTitle" style="text-indent: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jahid Khan Tuhin, Md. Foyez Ahmed, Tahmid Shahriar <em>et al</em>. Application of Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2016; 6(3): 67–77p.</span></p>Jahid Khan TuhinMd. Foyez AhmedTahmid ShahriarRupak Kanti Dhar
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2016-12-262016-12-26726777Navigation System for Robots Using Passive RFID with Wireless Feature Changing on ARM7 (LPC2148) Platform
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7956
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p class="Affiliation" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em>RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is well known for being easy to use and the features possessed. Mostly it is used for security or authentication purpose as each RFID contains a unique identification code. This unique identification feature can also be used in different ways. The study of other RFID techniques will be helpful for better service and security. The navigation system for robots using RFID is proposed in this paper. The movements of the robots completely depend on the RFID tags which are to be scanned. In addition to this, another feature of changing the duties, which are assigned to the particular RFID’s identification, is also added. </em></p><p class="keywords" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; -ms-text-justify: inter-ideograph;"> </p><p class="keywords" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em><strong>Keywords:</strong> </em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), LPC2148, RFID tags, CC2500 tran-receiver </em></span></p><p class="IETPaperTitle" style="text-indent: 0in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="keywords" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Asha Gaikwad, Nikita Satpute, Prachi Jeevane <em>et al.</em><strong> </strong>Navigation System for Robots Using Passive RFID with Wireless Feature Changing on ARM7 (LPC2148) Platform. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering. </em>2016; 6(3): 58–66p.</span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>Asha GaikwadNikita SatputePrachi JeevaneGanesh Lohote
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2016-12-032016-12-03725866Application of Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Multiobjective Optimal Design of Distribution Transformer
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7962
<p class="IETAbstractText" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-AU">In today’s competitive environment, transformer manufacturers are faced with the exigent task of yielding optimum performance at lowest cost. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-AU">Considering the aspect of energy shortage and increase in its cost, the complexity of achieving the optimal balance between transformer manufacturing costs and transformer performance is a herculean task, demanding great amount of attempts to reach satisfactory results. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-AU">To cater with the problem of minimizing transformer losses and cost simultaneously, this paper deals with multiobjective optimization of distribution transformer using binary coded nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The design procedure takes into account three objectives: active part cost, no-load losses and load losses of a distribution transformer. Elitist nondominated sorting and crowding distance are used to obtain pareto optimal solutions. Results indicate the potential of NSGA-II in maintaining diversity among solutions. <span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">To</span></span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" lang="EN-AU"> </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" lang="EN-AU">enable the decision maker (DM) to make a choice between different pareto-optimal solutions,</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-AU"> TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) technique is then suggested for obtaining best compromise solution among nondominated solutions. <span style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated on 100 kVA distribution transformer.</span></span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><em> </em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Multiobjective optimal transformer design, Pareto-optimal solutions, NSGA-II, TOPSIS</em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mehta HD, Rajesh Patel. Application of Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2016; 6(3): 44–57p.</span></p>H. D. MehtaRajesh Patel
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2016-12-032016-12-03724457Economic Efficient Dispatch Solution with Pollution Control Technique Using Genetic Algorithm
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7902
<strong><em><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">In this paper,an attempt has been made to create a hybrid power system with the available sources of energy to generate power in most efficient, economical, emission-less and in a sustainable way. It is a continuation of the research article Vol. 6, Issue. 1, TEE(2016), pp. 10-16. It is important to utilize the renewable sources of power generation since the global power demand is increasing very rapidly along with the environmental pollution. It is high time to swap the thermal generators with renewable sources i.e. reduce the burden on thermal power plants and utilize the other means of power. India has the potential of becoming an independent pollution free power producer. In this paper, Modelling of a Renewable System with Solar and Wind power generations have been made using Simulink. Power generated in renewable system is utilised and then Combined Economic Efficient Emission Dispatch is performed before and after combining a solar-wind system to thermal power system using Genetic Algorithm and burdens have been reduced. In this way, an initiation can be done to swap the primary power generation (thermal) with secondary power systems (renewable).</span></em></strong>Preeti Gupta
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2016-12-032016-12-03723243Employing Sweep Frequency Response Analysis for Diagnosing Condition of Power Transformer
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7883
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The power transformer being very expensive plays a tectonic role in power system. Reliability is apogee in power system. Any failure fringing power transformer may lead to substantial monetary loss depending on how much duration it is out of service. On-line monitoring and prognosis of power transformer helps the associated delegate to take decision on subject of maintenance, replacement or continuity of its operation. From accessible vivid methods for condition monitoring of power transformer, the potent key tool for diagnosing the verdure of the transformer and determining propitious condition for service is Sweep Frequency Response Analysis. Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) helps to detect different abnormalities residing inside transformer without detanking it. In these paper, we have discussed prosecution of SFRA, principle governing SFRA, its facets, detection of faults by SFRA, various frequency response obtained by SFRA tests and rules for repeatability.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Power transformer, condition monitoring, frequency response, SFRA</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Maulik Haraniya, Prachi Upreti, Sameer Patel <em>et al</em>.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Employing Sweep Frequency Response Analysis for Diagnosing Condition of Power Transformer. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering. </em>2016; 6(3): 26–31p.</span></p>Maulik HaraniyaPrachi UpretiSameer PatelChirag ParekhAnkit Shah Patel
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2016-11-172016-11-17722631Safety System Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7815
<p class="Abstract" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In this paper, the safety system and safeguards of the model </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">VVER-1000</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, which is a Gen-III pressurized water reactor, designed by ROASTAM and chosen to be implemented in Bangladesh, will be analyzed. Several predefined major faults have been set to demonstrate the performance in preventing the release of harmful radiation. From simulation results, it has been observed that for moderator dilution, the malfunction is neutralized within 115 sec, for turbine trip, the malfunction is neutralized within 115 sec, for loss of AC power, the malfunction is neutralized within 53 sec, for loss of coolant accident (Cold Leg), the malfunction is neutralized within 76 sec, for loss of coolant accident (Hot Leg), the malfunction is neutralized within 53 sec, for steam turbine break inside the containment, the malfunction is neutralized within 78 sec and for steam turbine break outside the containment, the malfunction is neutralized within 110 sec.</span></em></p> <p class="Abstract" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></em></p> <p class="keywords" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em><strong>Keywords:</strong> </em></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>Safeguards, VVER-1000, ROASTAM, malfunction, neutralized</em></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></strong></p><p class="keywords" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Ayesha Siddika Anika, Tanseer Ali M.<em> </em></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Safety System Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering. </em>2016; 6(3): 11–25p.</span></p>Ayesha Siddika AnikaM. Tanseer Ali
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2016-10-212016-10-21721125Investigation of Electric Spring for LVRT Capability Improvement of Fixed Speed Induction Generator based Wind Farm
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7846
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This paper investigates the ability of electric spring (ES) for the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability improvement of fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) based wind farm (WF). With increased renewable energy integration, new grid codes are declared by various power system grid operators in order to maintain system stability. LVRT capability is the prime and most difficult requirement of these new grid codes. FSIG based WFs are largely installed but it does not have LVRT capability. Various FACTS devices like static-var-compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), etc. are being suggested to make it LVRT capable. ES is the emerging smart grid technology which can compensate active and reactive power so as to address the instability problems of frequency and voltage in microgrids. The ES is coming up as a good alternate to STATCOM, but so far it has not been tried, especially for improving LVRT capability of WF. In this paper, MATLAB simulation is carried out to investigate the ability of ES for improving LVRT capability of FSIG based WF. Simulation result shows that ES performs well and seems as an alternate to FACTS devices.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords</span></em></strong><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Electric spring (ES), low voltage ride through (LVRT), fixed speed induction generator (FSIG), wind farm (WF)</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background: #fbfbf3;">Dinesh Pipalava, Chetan Kotwal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Investigation of Electric Spring for LVRT Capability Improvement of Fixed Speed Induction Generator based Wind Farm. </span><em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Trends in Electrical Engineering. </span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2016; 6(3): 1–10p.</span></p>Dinesh PipalavaChetan Kotwal
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2016-10-212016-10-2172110Study of Load Frequency Control
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7441
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">This paper is an attempt to study the control of active and reactive power in order to keep the system in the steady state. In addition, simple models of the essential components used in control system are analyzed. The objective of the control strategy is to generate and deliver power in an interconnected system as economically and reliably as possible while marinating the voltage and frequency within permissible limits. These changes are directly affected on frequency changes. As we have know that reactive power are very less sensitive and mainly dependent on the changes in voltage magnitude. So both powers are works separately. The load frequency control loop controls the real power and frequency and the automatic voltage regulator loop regulates the reactive and voltage magnitude.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 150%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Single flows, digital communication, derivatives equation</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Chetri BS. Study of Load Frequency Control. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2016; 6(2): 73–79p.</span></p>Bikram Singh Chetri
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2016-08-172016-08-17727379Simulation Results of Harmonic Compensation by Using PQ Based PI Controller for Grid Connected Current Controlled DG Unit
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7517
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">With the development of new technologies and electronic devices, one of the main topics of special concern is the aspect of power quality, amongst which control and prediction of harmonics are of utmost importance. The presence of harmonics caused by nonlinear loads which are common in industrial plants and large scale office buildings means a threat to the sensitive equipments like that of computers, adjustable speed drives, power electronics load etc. Harmonic pollution causes electrical noises, sensitive equipment malfunctioning, tripping of circuit breakers, accelerated ageing of equipments, excessive temperature rise in motors which ensures the importance of harmonic mitigation in power system, also its mitigation is important in order to avoid the fines and costs associated with the poor power quality they are responsible for. The proposed technique discussed in this paper uses PQ theory and PI controller to mitigate the grid connected solar DG unit harmonics with closed loop power control. It is a current controlled technique basically an active harmonic filtering technique (AHFT). The proposed DG unit also achieves zero steady state tracking error. Simulated results in MATLAB validate the correctness of this method.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Active power filter, distributed generation, harmonic compensation</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Asha Gaikwad, Prachi Jeevane, Nikita Satpute<em>. </em>Simulation Results of Harmonic Compensation by using PQ based PI Controller for Grid Connected Current Controlled DG Unit. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2016; 6(2): 64–72p.</span></p>Asha GaikwadPrachi JeevaneNikita Satpute
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2016-08-162016-08-16726472Transmission Charge Calculation of Power System
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7630
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In traditional power system, industry vertically integrated system (VIS) exists. But now days the vertical utility is being converted into horizontal integrated utility. This is the deregulation of power system. This system is divided into three parts: Transmission, generation and distribution. The revenue of the generation comes from the selling the power to the transmission and distribution. Similarly, the revenue of DISCO comes from commercial, industrials and domestic consumers. But in case of TRANSCO, due to non-uniformity in the sharing of power between different tariffs, is a real problem. The principle objectives of a utility are to deliver the power to the consumer satisfactorily and in a manner most economical to the company from the transmission and distribution point of view. The transport grid is seen as a natural monopoly, and thus the transmission tariffs should be regulated. Thus in my work, I have studied two basic transmission pricings, namely: Postage stamp method and MW-mile method. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Computer aid, electrical transmission, hardware, MS word</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Chetri BS. Transmission Charge Calculation of Power System. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2016; 6(2): 58–63p.</span></p>Bikram Singh Chetri
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2016-08-162016-08-16725863Short Term Load Demand Forecasting using Chaos Theory and ANFIS
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7322
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In the electrical power sector, forecasting of load demand is an important process for effective planning of future expansion and periodical operations including unit commitments, fuel scheduling, short term maintenance, security assessments, reducing spinning reserve, reliability analysis etc. Accurate load predictions are also necessary to utilize the electrical energy efficiently and to minimize the conflicts between the demand and supply of electricity. As electric load pattern of a region is very complex and is affected by many factors (such as economic, temperature, etc.) hence, it is necessary to develop new and effective methods for its prediction. In this paper, a method based on ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system) and chaos theory has been utilized for short term prediction (hourly) of electrical load. Daily load demand real data of Delhi region has been used as a case study. Largest Lyapunov exponent of the load demand time series, as calculated by using the method of phase space reconstruction, is found to be positive. This indicates the chaotic nature (hence, short time predictability) of the load demand time series. A part of the load demand data is used for training the ANFIS and rest of it is used to test the effectiveness of the proposed method for load prediction. Prediction performance is quantized in terms of a number of performance measures. Low values of mean absolute percentage error, relative error percentage and root mean square relative errors verify the accuracy of the proposed method and thus indicate its effectiveness for load demand prediction.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Load forecasting, chaos theory, time delay reconstruction, time series and ANFIS</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="papersubtitle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sanju Saini, J.S. Saini.</span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Short Term Load Demand Forecasting Using Chaos Theory and ANFIS.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Trends in Electrical Engineering.</span></em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 2016; 6(2): 50–57p.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>Sanju SainiJ. S. Saini
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2016-07-192016-07-19725057Protection of UHV Substations and Transmission Lines against Lightning
https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=TEE&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7413
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-IN">In combination with characteristics of the lightning performance of UHV power transmission lines and on analysing the experiences and lessons relating excessively high lightning trip-out rate on 1000 kV transmission lines in Japan. The minimization of ground wire shied angle along with distance of the gap with a proper length is an important step for shielding failure trip out in China. So, we should pay attention to the shielding failure flashover of the lines in mountain area in that place. Lightning trip-out faults has by no means arisen in China’s UHV transmission lines so, it displays a noble lightning act. The paper also describes the methods and principles used for measuring lighting inrush overvoltage to UHV substation in China and also tells that the concurrent adoption of measures of both reducing the maximum reducing current of ground wire shield angle and distance of the gap with an definite length is an important measure for reducing the shielding failure trip-out rate of 1000 kV transmission lines. Consequently, to pay courtesy to the shielding failure flashover of the outlines in mountain areas with higher inclination of ground along the lines are obligatory. Here, we introduce the ground wire shield angles used for UHV transmission lines in plain and mountainous areas in China. Lightning trip-out faults have never occurred up to the present time in China’s UHV transmission lines, thus it shows a good lightning performance. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-IN"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-IN"> UHV, power transmission line, substation, lightning, intruding wave, overvoltage, 1000 Kv</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;" lang="EN-IN">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;" lang="EN-IN">Jose <em>et al.</em> Protection of UHV Substations and Transmission Lines against Lightning. <em>Trends in Electrical Engineering.</em> 2016; 6(2): 41–49p.</span><span lang="EN-IN"></span></p>Ria Agnes JoseAne Mary XavierAnjana Augustine KFincy JohnyLakshmi V. P.Reshma V. D.T. D. Subha
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2016-07-152016-07-15724149