Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies
Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies (JoAEST) Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies seeks to promote and disseminate knowledge of the various topics and technologies of renewable energy/green energy/clean energy, and therefore aims at assisting researchers, world agencies and societies to keep abreast of new developments in their specialist field and to unite in finding alternative energy solutions to replace fuel sources without the undesired consequences of the replaced fuels to current issues such as the global warming, greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer. Focus and Scope: Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Biogas & Bio-fuels Nuclear Binding Energy Biomass Conversion Greenhouse Effect Climatology and Meteorology Solar Thermal Applications Helioculture Energy Management and the ecologically friendly alternatives which are under research and or production.
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Production of Jatropha curcas L. Seed Oil DMC-Js-BioDs by Optimized Dimethyl Carbonate Using Potassium Hydroxide as Catalyst
Abstract The use of Jatropha curcus L. seed oil as the feedstock for biodiesel (DMC-Js-BioDs) production has observed growing interest because it is a non-edible oil. In this study, the production of DMC-Js-BioDs from J. curcas seed oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as the solvent was performed. The reaction was conducted in the presence of KOH as a catalyst to investigate the optimum conditions and study the effects of the variables on the reaction. These variables included seed oil to DMC molar ratios of 1:1 to 1:6, KOH catalyst concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5% on DMC basis, and 15 to 75 min reaction times at reflux temperature with agitation speeds of 25 to 175 rpm. The optimum conditions for DMC-Js-BioDs production were an oil to DMC molar ratio of 1:4, a catalyst concentration of 2.0% on DMC bases at reflux temperature and a reaction time of 60 min with 150 rpm agitation. The DMC-Js-BioDs yield under these optimum conditions was 96%, and all the measured properties of DMC-Js-BioDs met the specifications and international standards of ASTM D 6751-02. The experimental results showed that all the reaction variables in this research study had positive effects on the reaction. Keywords: Alkali-catalyst, dimethyl carbonate, Jatropha curcus seed oil, magnesol powder, solvents Cite this Article Panchal Balaji M, Kalaji Hazem M. Production of of Jatropha curcas L. Seed Oil DMC-Js-BioDs by Optimized Dimethyl Carbonate Using Potassium Hydroxide as Catalyst. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2017; 8(2): 56–63p.
State Space Modeling and Robust Wind Power Generation System
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Abstract As producing power from renewable energy is increasing, facing new problems emerging from this phenomenon is becoming a good challenge for power system engineers. One of these problems is the dynamic and transient stability of such systems when they are connected to a power network. In this paper, a variable speed cage machine wind generation system is considered as the case study. The concept of power system stabilizer, which has been extensively developed for thermal and hydro power plants, is for the first time suggested for such systems. To be able to apply advanced control strategies, such as H¥ robust control, a state space representation of the system is required. First, a nonlinear state space model is developed and then linearized for use in robust power system stabilizer. As the wind speed changes randomly, the parameters of the equivalent linear model are quite uncertain. These parameters’ uncertainties are taken into account in the robust power system stabilizer. The reference values of direct and quadratic axis of the PWM inverter are considered as the inputs. The simulation results show that the proposed controller damps the power oscillation more rapidly and improves stability of overall system. Keywords: Wind energy, wind power generation, induction generators, power system, stabilizer, robust control Cite this Article Sayyed Hossein Edjtahed. State Space Modeling and Robust Power System. 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Design, Simulation and Economic Analysis of on Grid Solar PV System for Educational Institute in North India
Abstract This paper is about the designing, simulation and economical of an on grid 15 KWp solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant at the boys hostel of Institute of Hotel Management (IHM) in Gwalior (India). It highlights the requirement of electricity at IHM Gwalior. The analysis of electricity bill for the institute is done first. Then 10% of contracted electricity demand (150kVA from Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board MPEB) power plant is designed and installed. The detailed technical and economical study of PV power plant is done by simulation software (Blue sol) and the actual readings from power plant through solar meter are taken and compared with readings from software. It is an important initiative in district like Gwalior where people are highly unaware about PV power plant and this will act as a benchmark in development of PV power plant at the various educational institutes and other building. At the end of paper the payback period and Capacity utilization factor (CUF) are described. Keywords: Battery, blue sol, carbon credits, irradiance, meteronorm software, on grid, photovoltaic, PV panel, solar inverter Cite this Article Nikhil Mittal, Jitendra Bhartiya, C.S. Malvi. Design, Simulation and Economic Analysis of on Grid Solar PV System for Educational Institute in North India. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2017; 8(2): 64–74p.
Design and Construction of Solar Still-Solar Water Heater Hybrid for Small Scale Application
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Solar still-solar water heater hybrid for small scale application has been designed and constructed and tested in this study. The construction began with designing and developing isolated units of single-slope solar still, solar water heater and water storage tank separately. These were then coupled together to form the hybrid system. To test its efficacy, the hybrid was subjected to perform distillation alongside a conventional type single-slope solar still of the same dimensions under the same atmospheric conditions for seven days. At the end of the experimental test, it was discovered that the highest water and glass temperatures (55 and 43°C) were recorded for the hybrid still as against the conventional still with 45 and 38°C for water and glass respectively. The average daily cumulative yield of distilled water obtained from solar still-solar water heater hybrid was found to be 440 ml and that of conventional single slope solar still was 155 ml. It was concluded that the performance of hybrid still is greater than that of conventional still of the same dimension under the same operating conditions. Keywords: Solar still, solar heater, hybrid Cite this Article Muhammad Sabiu Bala, Saidu Aminu, Umar Sadik, Aliyu Aminu Safana and Adamu Ibrahim Usman. Design and Construction of Solar Still-Solar Water Heater Hybrid for Small Scale Application. 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Proposed Modified PID Load Frequency Controller for Two Area Interconnected System Employing Frequency Regulation Techniques of Wind Power Plant
Frequent switching of load introduces noisy ambiances and makes the implementation of conventional PID controller challenging, as differential part of controller is noise sensitive. Thus, this paper proposes a modified PID load frequency controller for two area interconnected system, employing frequency regulation techniques of wind power plant, and compares the performance of modified PID load frequency controller with the conventional PID controller. Wind power plant with inertial control has been compared with combination of inertial and droop control. Modified PID controller has been simulated for wind turbine without frequency regulation capabilities and with inertial control as well as combination of inertial and droop control in MATLAB/SIMULINK ver. 2013. The significance of this work lies in the fact that it presents comparative analysis of different load frequency controllers and frequency regulation techniques of wind turbine in load frequency control regime, and shows reduction in frequency and tie line power deviations with frequency regulation techniques. Keywords: DFIG, droop control, inertial control, wind turbine Cite this Article Preeti Sonkar, Rahi OP. Modified PID Load Frequency Controller for Two Area Interconnected System Employing Frequency Regulation Techniques of Wind Power Plan. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2017; 8(2): 1–10p.
Some Properties of Briquettes Produced from Sawdust and Different Binders using a Fabricated Hydraulic Piston Press
This paper describes a fabricated briquettes hydraulic piston press and some properties of the briquettes produced from sawdust when it was used. The press consists of three basic components: the main frame, the mold and a hydraulic jack fitted with pressure gauge. The parts are readily available in Nigeria and relatively cheap. The piston press was used to produce briquettes at 120 bar compaction pressure using composite sawdust and different cassava based binders. The sawdust particle sizes were also varied. Both, the density and the ash content of the briquettes produced were found be dependent on the sawdust particle size. The flue gas emission from the combustion of sawdust briquettes was found to contain 18.6–56.5 ppm of carbon monoxide (CO), 0.19–0.8 ppm of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and 0.01–0.54 ppm of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). These properties make the briquettes suitable for domestic cooking and possibly for industrial heating. Keywords: Sawdust, briquettes, hydraulic piston press, biomass waste, air pollutants Cite this Article Daniel Christopher Ini, Ayoade Kuye. Some Properties of Briquettes Produced from Sawdust and Different Binders using a Fabricated Hydraulic Piston Press. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2017; 8(2): 17–23p.
Performance Evaluation of a Tilted Single Axis Photovoltaic Tracking System under Different Weather Conditions
Abstract Experimental studies were carried out using 37 W photovoltaic (PV) panels under different weather conditions over a prolonged duration of time to evaluate the performance of a low cost tilted single axis tracking system in comparison with a horizontal single axis tracking system and two fixed PV systems. A horizontal single axis PV panel tracker (HSAPVPT) and a tilted single axis PV panel tracker (TSAPVPT) were set up to compare their performance with a fixed horizontal PV panel (FHPVP) and another fixed tilted PV panel (FTPVP) inclined at an angle equal to the latitude (22º 43’, north latitude) of Indore city, Madhya Pradesh (India). Performance evaluation of both the single axis trackers was carried out during the entire month of October 2016 under varying climatic conditions. Performance of both the single axis trackers was observed to be exemplary under bright and sunny conditions with maximum duration of direct solar irradiance. However, performance of both the trackers deteriorated with decrease in duration of direct solar irradiance due to cloudy and heavily overcast conditions. All relevant geographical and seasonal details as well as ambient conditions, which decide the performance of PV systems, have been clearly mentioned to help in analysis and comparison of PV systems developed by other researchers. A unique feature of these tracking systems is that energy consumption of the tracking systems was quite low at around 1.1 % of the per day energy generated on sunny days. It is also experimentally established that average energy gain during the month of October, 2016 of a TSAPVPT system was 31.91 % while that of a HSAPVPT system was 18.05 % and hence can be used with advantage. Keywords: Horizontal single axis sun tracker, tilted single axis sun tracker, low cost sun tracking systems, energy gain Cite this Article S.P. Singh, K. Srikant, K.S. Jairaj. Performance Evaluation of a Tilted Single Axis Photovoltaic Tracking System under Different Weather Conditions. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2017; 8(2): 45–55p.
Study of Conversion of Vibration Energy into Electric Energy
In the upcoming time, there is a serious threat on fossil fuels like diesel, petrol and natural gases, because all these fuels are non-renewable forms of energy. These source of energy depleted very rapid rate and after some decades they completely exhausted, so we should have to prepare to face this challenges. Alternative energy will become increasingly important as fossil fuel supplies inevitably run out or environmental damage sparks consumer awareness. Vibration energy (most waste form of energy) is one of the best alternative energy sources which can produce electric energy. Piezoelectric devices, used for harvesting the vibration energy of roads and walkways due to traffic, can produce electrical energy that is predictable (based on traffic patterns), and locally storable. There is a piezoelectric material which used for converting mechanical pressure (vibration) into electrical energy. Piezoelectric material works on the principle of the charge output signal proportional to the applied force or pressure. This review paper gives us an overall idea about conversion of vibration energy into electric energy and its application. Keywords: Vibration energy, piezoelectric materials, application
Performance Improvement of Wind Turbines Using Vortex Generators (VGs): A Review
In the present scenario, increasing use of fossil fuels for mass energy production leads to increased CO2 emissions and can lead to climatic changes at global level. In order to reduce the emissions, a gradual shift towards renewable sources is going on. In India, 1.6% of total energy is produced by using WTG’s. Major source of energy depends on blade surface and shape. It also depends on air flow pattern. A vortex generator is a device used to extract more power or lift from the wind. Keywords: VGs, Betz limit, airfoil, shape, design
A Review of the Advancements in Geothermal Heating and Cooling System
The increasing demand for energy and the depleting fossil fuels have fuelled explorations in new frontiers of renewable energy technology. Geothermal heating and cooling is a new advancement in HVAC industry of India. It uses earth’s heat for space heating and cooling with the use of heat pump systems, saving up to 51% electricity consumption in HVAC, and reduced CO2 emissions. The main prospects of geothermal energy are longer equipment life and lower operating costs. This paper reviews the recent advancements in geothermal heating and cooling system. Keywords: Geothermal, heat pump, ground loop, air handling unit (AHU), heating, cooling, ground sources heat pump system (GSPH’s)
Degradation in Energy Yield of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant due to Soiling Effect
Renewable energy resources are the future of the world. Solar photovoltaic energy conversion is one such type of clean and sustainable energy resource. Solar photovoltaic power plant’s performance is directly dependent on the sun’s incoming solar radiation availability and its intensity. Solar energy conversion of photovoltaic power plants is limited by local climatic parameters such as temperature, wind, humidity, dust deposition, etc. and geographical factors of latitude, longitude, etc. Accumulation of dust (soiling) on panels causes a considerable loss of output power in solar photovoltaic power plants. Dust accumulation on solar panels causes transmission loss due to absorption and scattering of the incident light, which affect the electricity generation or efficiency of solar panels. In this paper, the performance of a 5 kVA photovoltaic power plant installed at the Centre of Excellence in Renewable Energy Education and Research, University of Lucknow (New Campus) is investigated on the basis of the collected data of two reference modules. One module was cleaned daily whereas the other was left for the deposition of dust throughout the study period. The data analysis shows a large variation in the efficiency and produced electrical output power of the solar photovoltaic power plant. The study is very useful for predicting the performance of the solar photovoltaic power plants in composite climatic conditions.
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Modeling and its Analysis Using ANSYS
Research on small wind turbine (SWT) is on the upswing in the last five years, as there is a need of energy producing machines to compensate with the fossil fuel based energy. The green technology wishes to create environment friendly energy producing devices based on wind or solar technology. In this paper, an attempt is made to make use of already existing waste wind energy produced by high speed moving vehicles on straight and curved roads and bridges respectively. The improved small wind turbine technology is easily put to both “grid-tied” and “stand-alone” systems. The market for SWT technology is encouraging in India because of high rates of electrical units. Kitchen machines also depend on electricity for operation. The model’s central axis rests on pivot, and is so designed that it can accommodate divider space of the street. The model easily rotates with to and fro movement of vehicle, which provides necessary tangential force, from either sides of the road, to the rotor wheel of the model. Keywords: Small wind turbines, blades, renewable energy
Liability of Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Hybrid Devices
Photovoltaic (PV) modules suffer from the exalted temperature in case of outdoor performance. The losses are about more than 25% depending on the arrangement of the materials on the top. If thermoelectric (TE) converter is integrated with the PV modules, then we can form PV-TE hybrid module where TE converter can produce additional electricity due to the difference of the temperature. Now a days it is possible to enhance the efficiency by about 23–25% for roof integrated PV-TE devices with the benefit of TE materials performance (Z) of .0042 K-1 at 300 K. The annual energy would be upward by 14.5–15% for two yearly irradiance and temperature profiles which is studied in Dhaka, Khulna respectively. If new materials are manifested, it is possible to enhance the performance by about 50% and annual energy more than 25% may achievable. Keywords: PV module, TE materials, energy, PV-TE devices, TE materials performance, hybrid module Cite this Article Md. Razuan Hossain, Md. Mostak Ahmed. Liability of Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Hybrid Devices. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2017; 8(1):1-6p.
Small Grid Connected Solar Rooftop System Implementation is Economical in India: A Case Study
This work presents the basic preplanning for installing a grid connected PV system on the rooftop of the Central Library at Integral University, Lucknow, India. The strategy undergoes as per economical facility and support provided by the state and central government. Also the technical feasibility is analysed with the help of solar industrial market. So, we present an effective market survey report and government facilities aiming the design of an economical, beneficial, reliable and efficient grid connected solar PV system as per university requirement of electric load to provide robustness and faster convergence under environmental variations. Keywords: Photovoltaic, grid, PV system, maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst
In India, diesel consumption is increasing at an alarming rate which is increasing the import bill and the problems related to environment pollution. Biodiesel (BD) from non-edible oil like karanja is attractive feed stock for diesel engine. Due to high acid value of karanja oil (KO), a two-step process is necessary for BD production using homogeneous catalyst. In present study, BD was produced from KO by transesterification process using homogeneous catalyst (KOH) and heterogeneous catalyst (CaO) by two-step process. A catalytic characteristic of CaO was improved by loading lithium on CaO. Prepared Li-CaO was used to produce BD from KO in single step simultaneous esterification and transesterification process. Keywords: Biodiesel, karanja oil, transesterification, edible oil, catalyst, thermal efficiency Cite this Article Patel Rupesh L, Sankhavara Chandresh D. Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2016; 7(3): 23–27p.
Voltage Stability Assessment of Wind Integrated System for Variable Wind Speed with FACTS Devices
Requirement of power utilization is increasing exponentially both by industrial usage as well as in our day-to-day life due to inclusion of latest developments in the technology and automation. So, increase of power generation from conventional as well as non-conventional type of energy resources to meet these challenges is also needed. This increase in power generation is not possible alone by existing methods. Wind energy and integration of wind energy system with existing systems to increase the power generation is one of the methods to meet day to day need of high power demands. Though, an integration of wind system needs some compensation techniques to increase the power generating capacity of multimachine machine system. Reactive power compensation or drop in voltage of various buses of the system is needed from the stability point of view. Inclusion of FACTS, devices to boost active power proves to be good method for this purpose especially when the system is integrated with renewable energy resources. Based on simulated IEEE-14 Bus wind integrated system provided by PSAT, the performance of various FACTS devices needs to be checked, so that variations in the bus voltages of the integrated system can be controlled to improve the stability of the system. In this paper Identification of various week buses by Line Voltage stability indices are presented with in the composite system so that placement of suitable FACTS devices can be done to improve the performance of the system. Keywords: FACTS, wind penetration, voltage stability, line indices, voltage collapse Cite this Article Satish Kumar, Ashwani Kumar, N K Sharma. Voltage Stability Assessment of Wind Integrated System for Variable Wind Speed with FACTS Devices. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2016; 7(3): 15–22p.
Studies on Oil Extraction from Pongamia Seeds using Mechanical Expeller and Microwave Heating Technique
The extraction of oil from seeds is carried out traditionally by using mechanical expeller. In this study, four configurations of oil extraction systems, namely, single screw, modified single screw, twin screw and microwave assisted oil extraction have been evaluated for oil yield and production or through put rate. Pongamia pinnata seeds have been used as the reference raw materials for this study, both in whole seed form and in crushed form. Present day conventional 10 kW power single screw mechanical oil expellers have a throughput of 15 kg/h with an oil yield of 20%. This study has demonstrated that a twin screw extrusion system can provide a throughput rate of 80 kg/h with an oil yield of 27% for the same energy input. Microwave assisted oil extraction process was also evaluated as an alternative method. It provides a throughput rate of 35 kg/hr with a yield of 25% for the same electric power input. Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, microwave, oil, screw Cite this Article Chandra Kumar. R, M. M. Benal, B. Durga Prasad et al. Studies on Oil Extraction from Pongamia Seeds using Mechanical Expeller and Microwave Heating Technique. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2016; 7(3): 7–14p.
Capacity Estimation of Pump Storage System for Microgrid with Resourceful Use of RES in Deregulated Power Sector
ocean, bio, etc; since these sources plentifully available, pollution free, zero noise. Power shortages in rural, as well as remote areas, encourage the development of green energy sources. To meet the demand by dissimilar configurations such as standalone or grid interconnected microgrid. Standalone green energy microgrid provides the most appropriate solution for electrification of rural and remote areas. This paper has been presented a proposed approach for energy storage system through pumping in the form of water potential. A standalone microgrid with storage system has capable to provided continuous and reliable supply by a little loss of load. The two case studies have been proposed for continuous power supply operation of the standalone microgrid. The first case has been considered without pump storage system and the second case considered with the storage system. The optimal capacity of the pump storage has been determined. The work has been validated 3-microgrid interconnected system with green energy generation. Keywords: Energy management, green energy microgrid, pumped storage system, green energy resources Cite this Article Digambar Singh, Yog Raj Sood. Capacity Estimation of Pump Storage System for Microgrid with Resourceful Use of RES in Deregulated Power Sector. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2016; 7(3):
Oceanic Temperature Gradient as an Alternative Energy Source
World is facing an energy crunch. To respond to the global warming, we either need a supply that has no carbon release or we need to find means to consume less energy. As the supply of non-renewable energy resources is depleting, there is a demand for new energy technologies. Oceans cover almost 70% of the earth’s surface, making them world’s largest solar collector. This paper discusses a new technological approach of generating electricity indirectly from solar energy by making use of the temperature difference between the sun-warmed surface of tropical ocean and the colder deep water. Being a completely natural form of energy, the electricity produced will be inexhaustible and green. The paper elaborates on the principle and working of an oceanic thermal plant in details, mentioning its easy adaptability in the current energy cycle and the drawbacks which are coupled along with it. Keywords: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), ammonia, open cycle system, closed cycle system, thermal energy
Investigating the Effect of Spectral Variations on the Performance of Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline and Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
The study of spectral variations is very important in the characterization of silicon solar cells. The spectral variations of monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous solar cells is studied through the spectral response with the help of spectral response evaluation meter, CEP-25HS-50SR. PVsyst 6.4.3 software is used to study the variation of air mass throughout the day and the year and to understand that how solar irradiance varies with the changing air mass. As per the findings, the spectral sensitivity of monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon solar lies in the entire visible region and partial UV and infrared region of solar spectrum whereas amorphous silicon solar cells have a narrow spectral range. This is most likely due to partial absorption of the long wavelength photon. It is observed that with the increase in value of zenith angle and air mass there’s a continuous decrease in light intensity received in the form of solar radiation. The intensity of solar radiations decreases because of atmospheric refraction which further decreases the spectral response value and hence the power output of the silicon solar cells is affected adversely. Keywords: Solar spectrum, spectral response, short circuit current, air mass, zenith angle and quantum efficiency Cite this Article Anil Kumar Berwal, Nisha Kumari, Inderjeet Kaur et al. Investigating the Effect of Spectral Variations on the Performance of Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline and Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2016; 7(3): 28–36p.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Using PSO with Boost Converter
Maximum power point tracking methods are used for extraction of maximum power from solar PV panels. The characteristics of non-line panel hinder the power output from the solar panel. Earlier proposed methods like hill climbing, incremental conductance suffer from steady state and lower efficiency. This proposed evolutionary computation technique assures nearly zero steady state oscillation and faster convergence of tracking maximum power. The PSO algorithm is tested on a DC-DC boost converter and simulation results are compared with incremental conductance and hill climbing methods. Keywords: Particle swarm optimization (PSO), MPPT, solar PV
Control Strategy for Wind Turbine Operation under Wind Variations
Wind energy is found to be viable energy source out of all nonconventional energy resources. Wind turbine, a major component of wind energy conversion system is used to capture the kinetic energy associated with the wind for driving the generator. Output of wind turbines varies in accordance with the wind variations. Therefore, in order to control the power output wind turbine employed needs some control during such variations. As observed from literature, most of the researchers have used blade pitch control during such operations, whereas, few adopted the yaw control. Such controls if adopted make the system expansive and complicated. Keeping it in view, in this paper a new approach based upon the load adjustments is proposed to control the wind turbine output during wind variations. Approach as proposed seems to be simple in comparison to existing techniques. Simulation results as obtained using developed matlab model prove the effectiveness of such control. Model as proposed is found to be effective to eliminate the power and torque fluctuations during wind variations. Keywords: Matlab/Simulink, Renewable energy resources, Wind disturbances, Wind turbine, Wind turbine control
Review on Design and Development of Hydrogen Production System using HHO Dry Cell Method
The current work aims to review an experimental setup for the production of HHO gas. It involves the production of HHO gas by dry cell method, and selecting an appropriate electrolyte for production of HHO gas. The system involves sizing and selection of components like bubbler, measuring devices, moisture removal dryer and safety device like flash back arrestor. HHO gas thus produced can be used in a brazing, welding and burner touch etc. The experiment proposes the production of HHO gas from renewable sources like PV to enable conversion of energy in desired usable form. Here we have developed a 1 to 1.5 LPM of HHO production by a two cell stack series using 12 plate of SS-316L. The plate size is 7*7 mm which is 1.5 mm thick and produces a flame by varying the concentration of KOH with water. Keywords: Electrolysis, Hydrogen cell, HHO gas production, Operating parameter, Changing Concentration electrolyte, Safety component, Burner application Cite this Article Chauhan Krishna K. Review on Design and Development of Hydrogen Production System using HHO Dry Cell Method. Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies. 2016; 7(2): 56–59p.
Modeling the Variation in Specific Heat of Phase Change Materials during Phase Transition
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Specific heat of phase change materials varies significantly during phase transition. Accurate knowledge of variation in specific heat is vital for proper numerical simulation of heat transfer in such materials. Specific heat of phase change material (PCM) during phase transition has been modeled as delta, triangular and Gaussian function by researchers. In the present work, variation of specific heat is presented in the form of Fourier series. Fourier coefficients are calculated by considering the specific heat as periodic function of temperature within specific temperature range. Results of the presented model are validated using the experimental data available from published literature. 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Heat Transfer in Single Effect Solar Assisted LiBr-H2O Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
This paper describes the heat transfer model of LiBr-H2O vapour absorption cooling system implemented in engineering equation solver (EES). The detailed first law analysis of the system is presented. Effects of operating temperature and pressure on the heat load in various components, coefficient of performance (COP), and circulation ratio of the system have been carried out. Impact of solution heat exchanger effectiveness on system performance is also studied. The study shows that COP of system increases with increasing generator and evaporator temperature. As the effectiveness of solution heat exchanger increases there is a reduction in heat load of generator and absorber and causes the improvement of COP of system. The possible solution to avoid the crystallization in LiBr-H2O vapour absorption cooling system is discussed. Keywords: Solar absorption refrigeration system, LiBr-H2O, thermodynamic analysis