Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics
Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics (JoEAM) is an international eJournal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. Focus and Scope Covers Fluid Mechanics Analytical Mechanics Computational Mechanics Solid Mechanics Continuum Mechanics Thermomechanics Experimental Mechanics
Declaration and Copyright Transfer Form (to be completed by authors) I/ We, the undersigned author(s) of the submitted manuscript, hereby declare, that the above manuscript which is submitted for publication in the STM Journals(s), is not published already in part or whole (except in the form of abstract) in any journal or magazine for private or public circulation, and, is not under consideration of publication elsewhere. · I/We will not withdraw the manuscript after 1 week of submission as I have read the Author Guidelines and will adhere to the guidelines. · I/We Author(s ) have niether given nor will give this manuscript elsewhere for publishing after submitting in STM Journal(s). · I/ We have read the original version of the manuscript and am/ are responsible for the thought contents embodied in it. The work dealt in the manuscript is my/ our own, and my/ our individual contribution to this work is significant enough to qualify for authorship. · I/We also agree to the authorship of the article in the following order: Author’s name 1. ________________ 2. ________________ 3. ________________ _______________ We Author(s) tick this box and would request you to consider it as our signature as we agree to the terms of this Copyright Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published by this journal.
Stress and Deformation Analysis of Rotating Cylindrical Pressure Vessel of Functionally Graded Material Modeled by Mori-Tanaka Scheme
The present study deals with the linear elastic analysis of rotating cylindrical pressure vessels. The vessels are made up of one directional functionally graded material (FGM), in which mechanical and physical properties are varying along the radial direction. The analysis is carried out using finite element method which is based on the principle of stationary total potential (PSTP). Material properties are graded according to the Mori-Tanaka distribution law and ceramic-metal as well as metal-ceramic both the types of FGMs are considered. The effects of the gradation of material properties on the stress and deformation behavior of the vessels are investigated and a comparison of deformation and stresses for different values of grading index is presented. The results obtained are in good agreement with the established reports and show that there is a significant variation in stresses and deformation behavior of the FGM vessels as compared to homogeneous vessels. Further it is observed that metal-ceramic FGM vessel having n = 0.5 has the lowest overall stresses, and therefore can be most effectively employed for the rotating cylindrical pressure vessels. Cite this Article Rohit Singh, Lakshman Sondhi, Amit Kumar Thawait. Stress and Deformation Analysis of Rotating Cylindrical Pressure Vessel of Functionally Graded Material Modeled by Mori-Tanaka Scheme. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(3): 1–7p.
Topology Optimisation of Continuum Structures in Civil Engineering using Firefly Algorithm -III
This paper is in continuation of the ongoing research work on topology optimization in structural engineering. Metaheuristics are widely used for structural optimization and firefly algorithm has been consistently giving better designs. In this paper, a few civil engineering structures are designed and analysed. The results were compared with those existing in the literature. Cite this Article Tanuja DV, Chandrasekhar KNV. Topology Optimisation of Continuum Structures in Civil Engineering using Firefly Algorithm -III. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(2): 33–38p.
Experimental Investigations of Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aluminium Alloys AA6063 and AA6082
One of the advantages of friction stir welding process is its ability to join dissimilar metals and alloys. The objective of this study was to study the possibility of joining two dissimilar Al alloys, typically A6082 and A6083 using in FSW. In this experiment, joint properties of A6082 and 6063 were studied. Three parameters considered were tool rotation speed, welding speed, depth of cut with three levels; and nine runs were used to run experiment. Analysis of variance was then performed to check the adequacy of developed models. Finally, optimal parameters setting was identified by performing optimization through desirability approach functions. Cite this Article Jasvir Singh, Charanjit Singh, Khushdeep Goyal et. al. Experimental Investigations of Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aluminium Alloys AA6063 and AA6082. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(2): 45–52p.
Design and Analysis of Single Angle Expanding Collets
The subject of production deals with the use of fixtures that ensures repeatability to the work piece to be manufactured. The fixture is clamping device that mounts parts at a perfect location and gives stability, which leads to mass production. Thus types of clamping play a decisive role in getting the good reliability of the product. Collet is one of the clamping devices which have long slits around its periphery, widely used for clamping any kind of shape (cylindrical, hexagonal, and square etc.) in manufacturing industries. As there is an increase in demand for mass production and accuracy of parts being made, use of collet is also increased. This research paper is about determining deflection and clamping force required for collet to clamp an object. To find this, one needs to find elastic deformation of an object by deriving mathematical model and by using software tools. Formulation of the mathematical model and its solution is carried out. Deflection and clamping force is found. The mathematical model determines the elastic deformation analytically while finite elemental analysis using software tools validates the analytical design. There is a greater match between the results given by analytical method and FEA. Finite element analysis is carried out using ANSYS and MATLAB code is used to solve second order differential equation. Cite this Article Mevcha Viral B, Patel Chetankumar M. Design and Analysis of Single Angle Expanding Collets. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(2): 1–12p.
Performance Analysis of Abrasive Water Jet Machining Process for AISI 304 Stainless Steel
Abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM) is a non-conventional machining process capable to machine wide range of difficult-to-cut materials such as ceramics, alloys, composite materials, etc. This paper investigates the effect of various process parameters on kerf taper, surface roughness and power consumption which are important performance measures in abrasive waterjet machining. The variable process parameters considered here include water pressure, traverse speed, stand-off distance and abrasive flow rate. Experiments were conducted by varying these parameters for cutting AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel using abrasive waterjet machining process. The result showed that kerf taper and surface roughness increases while power consumption decreases with increase intraverse speed, stand-off distance and abrasive flow rate as well as reduction in water pressure. Cite this Article Sanghani CR, Korat MM. Performance Analysis of Abrasive Water Jet Machining Process for AISI 304 Stainless Steel. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(2): 53–55p.
Design, Analysis and Modification in Pattern Design Using the Combination of Aluminium and Acrylic Parts in Wooden Pattern
Foundry industries are still facing lots of problems regarding casting product and their productivity. Here, the attempt is made for the modification of pattern. During the ejection of mold from the pattern, the worker needs to rap hammer on the wooden pattern that causes breakdown of the pattern. Lot of time is required for repairing wooden pattern. So, it needs some modification in the existing pattern for its strength. In order to reduce the time in repairing pattern, complicated parts and delicate parts are replaced by combination of aluminium and acrylic parts in the wooden pattern, to prevent it from breakdown. By doing this, cast product requires less machining process, which ultimately reduces the cost and time. Complicated parts, mounting section and under-cut parts are built with the loosely fitting section of aluminium and acrylic because thin, small and fin sections of wood get easily broken down and have less period of time. Here, a striking section of acrylic is used for striking hammer over it, instead of directly striking on the pattern. In the modified pattern, a guide lock is also developed to help worker during the placement of cope over the drag. Till now, there is no device for core pattern to separate mold cavity from core pattern. So, to overcome this problem, two conceptual designs of the pneumatic device are mention in this paper. Finite element analysis of modified pattern is also carried out with ANSYS, which concludes that modified pattern sustains more than the existing pattern. Cite this Article Navdeep Shaktawat, Patel Chetankumar M. Design, Analysis and Modification in Pattern Design Using the combination of Aluminium and Acrylic Parts in Wooden Pattern. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(2): 13–32p.
A STUDY: Validation of Creep Damage Constitutive Equations of Bar 257 Steels at 650°: A Study
Validation of creep damage constitutive equations under the future loads, the left over lifetime is predicted to be quite limited. The main objective is to make prediction about the lifetime left because a growing stage of damage is encouraged by the previous history of loading. The ultimate goal is to render a loading spectrum that is complete in nature and predict about the time of keeping the material in the loading sequence, prior to facing any complexities related to catastrophic failure. All these damages and lifetime conditions are considered as responsible factors under a specific condition that is termed as ‘creep failure condition’. This kind of creep failure condition matches with the enveloped polymers, as well as, with other high temperature conditions. Cite this Article Saad Kalfalla, Meshaal Sulieman, Makhtar Alreahe. A STUDY: Validation of Creep Damage Constitutive Equations of Bar 257 Steels at 650°: A Study. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(2): 39–44p.
Vibration Mechanics of Hybrid Al 5083/SiCp/Fly Ash Composite Plates for its Use in Dynamic Structures
Metal Matrix composites are a unique class of materials, with specific characteristics. The selection of reinforcement phase for reinforcing the metal matrix depends on many parameters and is a major concern, Silicon carbide particulates (SiCp) enhances the hardness of specimens but on the other hand it induces brittleness in the specimen which is of major concern, henceforth fly ash particulates are thought of as an alternative reinforcement for improving the ductility of the specimens. To add to this; composite materials are in general having poor vibration characteristics and is a major concern that has to addressed to incorporate these composite materials in smart structures prone to seismic variability. Further upon it is also necessary to develop composite plates for structural applications especially in bridges, decks of sky walks and Foot Bridges that are subjected to vibration. In current work, the Al 5083/SiCp/Fly ash composite plates are manufactured and modal testing is done for cantilever boundary condition by using Fast Fourier Transform analyzer with vibration monitoring setup interfaced with Lab VIEW Data acquisition System. Quantitative results are presented in this paper to show the effects of different parameters like weight percentage of SiC Particulates and Fly ash Particulates. The experimental frequency data are in fair agreement and compatible within the available terms. The results give an overview of uncertainty in elastic properties. For cantilever boundary condition it is found that the natural frequency of plate increases with the increase in weight percentage of SiC Particulates. Cite this Article Santhosh N, Kempaiah UN, Venkateswaran S. Vibration Mechanics of Hybrid Al 5083/SiCp/Fly Ash Composite Plates for its Use in Dynamic Structures. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(1): 11–18p.
Effect of Steel Slag and Bagasse Ash on Strength of Concrete
An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the strength properties of concrete. The concrete mix of M-50 grade was designed and produced by replacing steel slag partially with fine aggregate and bagasse ash partially with cement. The mix proportions were prepared with varying percentage of bagasse ash including one control mix of steel slag. Bagasse ash in concrete was replaced with 0, to 20% with an interval of 5% with cement by weight and one concrete mixture that contained 10% steel slag was considered as the control mix. Various strengths considered for investigations are compressive, flexural and split tensile. Cube of size 150 mmï‚´150 mmï‚´150 mm for compressive strength; beams of size 500 mmï‚´100 mmï‚´100 mm for flexural strength and cylinders of size 300 mm in depth ï‚´ 150 mm diameter for split tensile strength were cast. All the specimen were water cured up to 7 and 28 days and tested subsequently. Relations between compressive strength with all other strengths are developed. A comparison of result of modified steel slag concrete with that of normal concrete, showed significant improvement in the result of various strengths. Rajesh Lalsing Shirale, Keshav Raghunath Kale, Ajay Gulabrao Dahake. Effect of Steel Slag and Bagasse Ash on Strength of Concrete. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(1): 1–10p.
Intelligence Wide Angle Diffuser Relocation for Wind Tunnel
A wide angle diffuser is placed between the centrifugal blower and the settling chamber for the open circuit wind tunnel. The cross-sectional area increases so rapidly that separation can only be avoided by boundary layer control. The wide angle diffuser is a means of reducing the length for a given area ratio rather than affecting a pressure recovery. The length of the wide angle diffuser is 3.5 m, area ratio 3 and diffuser angle 60°. Two matched cubic profiles connected together are used for wall profile of wide angle diffuser. LISA is used for computational analysis of wide angle diffuser Cite this Article Jahromi AA. Intelligence Wide Angle Diffuser Relocation for Wind Tunnel. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(1): 19–22p.
Stress Analysis of Two-Dimensional Functionally Graded Thick Rotating Disks by Element Based Material Grading
The present study reports the stress and deformation analysis of thick rotating disks made of two-dimensional functionally graded materials (FGMs). The analysis is carried out using element based gradation of material properties in radial and axial direction over the discretized domain. Material properties are distributed according to power law distribution and the governing equations are derived using principle of stationary total potential (PSTP). The resulting deformation and stresses are evaluated for clamped-free boundary condition and the effect of volume fraction exponent on the deformation and stresses is investigated and presented. The results obtained show that there is a significant reduction of stresses in twodimensional FGM disks as compared to homogeneous and one dimensional FGM disks. Further, it is observed that FGM having volume fraction exponents nr=2 and nz=1 is best suitable for the rotating thick disk as it has the low radial stress and deformation. Cite this Article Amit Kumar Thawait. Stress Analysis of Two-Dimensional Functionally Graded Thick Rotating Disks by Element Based Material Grading. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(1): 28–36p.
Study of Energy Recovery Method Using Pressure Exchanger Device for VariousCapacities Reverse Osmosis Plants
Water is required to produce energy, and energy is required to produce potable water by reverse osmosis process. An RO water desalination system consists of the pretreatment section, the desalination section and the post treatment section. In the new design of plants, different energy recovery methods are adopted to reduce the energy consumption of desalination section. Among the various energy recovery systems, the pressure exchanger system is used to reduce energy consumption up to 30 to 35% and also regarding a high pressure pumps size and scale up of the system. Secondary effect of the use of the PX (pressure exchanger device) is, increasing of feed salinity due to the mixing of the concentrated water coming from RO section with the portion of feed water passing through the PX device, on the contact layer between the two streams. In this paper, we are mainly focused on working, application and use of energy recovery device like pressure exchanger for various capacities reverse osmosis plants. Cite this Article Pandya Ruchit K, Bhatt Hardik J, Patil Sanjay D. Study of Energy Recovery Method Using Pressure Exchanger Device for Various Capacities Reverse Osmosis Plants. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2017; 8(1): 23–27p.
Effect of Input Parameters on Surface Roughness of Wire-Cut EDM of AISI EN 31 Tool Steel
Wire-cut EDM is emerging machining process for machining hard to machine materials and intricate shapes which are impossible to make with conventional machining process. This paper analyses the effect of significant input process parameters of WEDM i.e., wire type, Pulse on, Pulse off, peak current on the output parameter surface roughness of AISI EN 31 tool steel. The other process parameters like wire tension, servo voltage, wire feed rate, spark gap voltage are kept constant. The Taguchi L18 orthogonal array is used to make a design of experiment. Two levels have been selected for wire type while all other three input parameters have been varied for three levels. AISI EN 31 tool steel is used as the work-piece material. The effect of all the selected input parameters on the output responses have been analyzed using ANOVA method. The result reveals that pulse on time and pulse off time are the most significant to influence surface roughness, followed by wire type. Cite this Article Nimratjot Singh, Khushdeep Goyal, Rakesh Bhatia. Effect of Input Parameters on Surface Rouhgness of Wire-Cut EDM of AISI EN 31 Tool Steel. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(3): 45–51p.
Analytical Comparison of a Gas Turbine Blade Cooling Using Wet and Dry Air
Air cooling is widely used technique to shield the turbine aerofoils against hot flue gases. The cooling of a gas turbine blade using wet air and dry air as a coolant is analytically investigated. The investigation is carried out considering effect of rotation for inward and outward flow of coolant. Wet air cooling performance is compared with dry air cooling. It has been observed that wet air provides better cooling and the performance improves with increase in relative humidity. The temperature of blade at tip decreases from 1293.44 K to 1172.6 K when relative humidity of wet air is increased from 10% to 90%. Cite this Article Snehal N. Patel, Dilip S. Patel, Kedar A. Pathak. Analytical Comparison of a Gas Turbine Blade Cooling Using Wet and Dry Air. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(3): 1–12p.
A Finite Element Solution of Functionally Graded Rotating Disk based on Element based Material Grading
The present study reports finite element elastic analysis of variable thickness rotating disks made up of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The disks have exponentially varying material properties along the radius, which is achieved by varying the volume fraction ratio. Three types of thickness profile namely uniform, linearly varying and concave thickness profile having constant mass are analyzed and the resulting displacement and stresses are evaluated for free-free boundary condition. The investigation is carried out using element based grading of material properties on the discretized elements. A comparison of displacement and stresses for uniform thickness disk and variable thickness disk is made which shows that in a rotating disk, the displacement and stress fields can be controlled by varying the thickness of the disk. Cite this Article Amit Kumar Thawait, Lakshman Sondhi. A Finite Element Solution of Functionally Graded Rotating Disk based on Element based Material Grading. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(2): 41–47p.
Effect of Different Parameters on Energy Loss Coefficient of Square Edged Orifice Plate
Orifice meter is a differential pressure type flow measuring device in which energy loss is a major problem. The energy loss coefficient is an important indicator of energy dissipation. In this paper, different parameters like contraction ratio, orifice plate thickness and Reynolds number were analyzed by numerical simulations using Ansys CFX 15.0 software for their effects on energy dissipation. Results of simulations revealed that, Reynolds number has negligible effect on energy loss coefficient when it is in the range of 0.5x105 to 100x105. With increasing thickness of orifice plate, the energy loss coefficient decreases slightly while it decreases with increase in contraction ratio. Cite this Article Chirag Sanghani, Dharmesh Jayani. Effect of Different Parameters on Energy Loss Coefficient of Square Edged Orifice Plate. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(3): 40–44p.
Experimental Determination of Tire Stiffness using Nitrogen
Vehicle stability generally depends on the tire forces and torque at wheel. Forces and reactions generated at tire play major role in the control of vehicle. On application of torque to the wheel, due to contact friction between road, tire pushes on the ground and moves forward and backward. Tire also supports the load of vehicle and deforms under load for the flexibility and damping. The stiffness of fluid in tire is the important parameter for tire stability and effectiveness. Inflation pressure in tire decides the stiffness and damping in the tire. The objective of this paper is to discuss the experimental results of tire stiffness with air and nitrogen. Tire stiffness of Tata Nano car with size P135/70R12 is tested on test rig for air and nitrogen and compared for various loads. Primarily load deflection simulation of Tire is done on Ansys software and validated with experimental result for air and then other tests are performed. Optimized tire stiffness is obtained for minimum amplitude of vibration. Cite this Article P.A. Narwade, C.R. Shah, P.Y. Mhaske. Experimental Determination of Tire Stiffness using Nitrogen. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(3): 13–19p.
Report on the Separation Efficiency with Separation Time in the Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems Fabricated by Polymers in this 21st Century of 3rd Millennium
In this report, author has fabricated total 1157 individual microfluidic devices including many microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography, direct bonding technique, clamping, and surface modification techniques, by his own handson completely. Author has used total 30 individual electrical and non-electrical instruments (including the cleanroom equipment) to perform all experiments of this report by his own hands-on completely. Many microfluidic flow phenomena have been experimentally investigated in this report using the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and SU-8 as polymers. Also, the separation of polystyrene microparticles from aqueous microparticle suspensions have been experimentally investigated in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems considering the separation efficiency and separation time as two experimental parameters of these investigations for bioengineering applications. Cite this Article Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay. Report on the Separation Efficiency with Separation Time in the Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems Fabricated by Polymers in this 21st Century of 3rd Millennium. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(3): 20–37p.
Finite Element Analysis of Thick Beams using Lagrange-9 Element and ADINA
There has been a lot of research in the field of thick beam analysis. The classical beam theory was the first beam theory but it neglected the effects of shear deformation and this induce the need for further research to develop the beam theory to be helpful in thick beams where the shear deformation is paramount. In this research work, the trigonometric shear deformation theory for thick beam, which includes the sinusoidal functions in the thickness coordinate accounting the shear deformation, is explored. A thick simply supported beam is considered subjected to uniformly varying load, the flexural stress and displacement along the thickness and span are obtained. Further the implementation of numerical method, namely finite element method, was explored. The two-dimensional plane stress nine-noded isoparametric displacement-based finite elements were used to develop the thick beam problem and the finite element analysis was conducted by programming the procedure in MATLAB®, a technical computing software. The finite element analysis procedure applied to find the displacement and stresses in the model. The calculated displacements and stresses are validated against the equivalent finite element analysis model in ADINA®, a general purpose finite element analysis software. Cite this Article Poonamrani Basavraj Patil, Ajay Gulabrao Dahake, Vasudev Raghunath Upadhye. Finite Element Analysis of Thick Beams using Lagrange-9 Element and ADINA. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(3): 50–57p.
CFD Approach for Analyzing the Variation of Flow Parameters and Losses in a Mixed Flow Francis Turbine
Francis turbine can be used for a wide range of head and discharge, thus it is the most versatile water turbine in use [1]. As load varies from full load; the regime of operation changes for meeting the required power demand on electric system [2]. Efficiency of Francis turbine drops significantly at part load and overloading operations due to increased shock losses at the entry to runner, eddy formation and increased swirl in draft tube and head loss in various parts of the turbine. So, it becomes very important to evaluate the performance of turbine at off design conditions before installing them on site. For performance evaluation, calculation of various flow parameters at inlet and outlet of runner and determination of losses in different parts play the most important role. In the present work, flow simulation in a 3 MW capacity horizontal axis mixed flow Francis turbine is done using ANSYS CFX 14.0. The simulation is carried out for four different guide vane openings according to the load on turbine (here 60, 80, 100 and 120% loads are considered) and for each GVO, nine speeds from 450 to 850 rpm are taken. The flow parameters variations from inlet to outlet of the runner and head loss in different parts are calculated at these operating conditions. It is found that at 100% load, losses are minimum. Apart from this, coefficient of pressure is calculated through runner blade passage for analysing the distribution of pressure on runner blade. Cite this Article Gyanendra Tiwari, Vishnu Prasad, Shukla SN. CFD Approach for Analyzing the Variation of Flow Parameters and Losses in a Mixed Flow Francis Turbine. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(2): 54–65p.
Parametric Optimization and Stiffness Determination of XY Positioning Stage for High Precision Applications
In micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) flexural mechanisms are widely used because of their advantages such as frictionless and wear less motion and high precision. Flexures depend on material elasticity for their functionality. In flexure mechanism, motion is generated due to elastic deformation of the beam from which it is made. One of the typical advantages of flexural mechanism is to gain precise deformation and flexibility to obtain motion in desired direction. This paper deals with design, analysis and modeling of XY flexure mechanism which is based on double parallelogram flexure (DFM). The XY mechanism presented has monolithic structure and it is based on double parallelogram flexure. Finite element model and analysis is carried out in ANSYS 14.5. Static analysis is done to find out force-deflection characteristics of mechanism. Parametric analysis is used to optimize design parameters of flexure beam. Finite element analysis (FEA) result validates analytical results of mechanism. Cite this Article Mulik Sharad S, Krishnamoorthy A, Deshmukh Suhas P. Parametric Optimization and Stiffness Determination of XY Positioning Stage for High Precision Applications. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics.2016; 7(2): 77–84p.
Analytical Determination of Deflection of Stepped Cantilever Rectangular Beam under Uniform load
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Deflection of a beam is not only an interest for the branch of civil engineering but it has extended to many other engineering branches. Prediction of deflection for non-prismatic section with different loading conditions is a core area for many researchers. A simple analytical method to determine deflection of a non-prismatic beam (stepped beam) under uniform loading condition along with validation by FEA results are discussed in this research paper. The method provides accurate result for rectangular section. However, it can be applied for other sections as well. Cite this Article Patel Chetankumar M, Acharya Ghanshyam D. Analytical Determination of Deflection of Stepped Cantilever Rectangular Beam under Uniform Load. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(2): 1–8p. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning /> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents /> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps /> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--" /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false" DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="371"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index 9" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Indent" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="header" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footer" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="index heading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of figures" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope address" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="envelope return" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="footnote reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="line number" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="page number" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="endnote text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="table of authorities" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="macro" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toa heading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Closing" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Signature" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Note Heading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Block Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="FollowedHyperlink" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} -->
Fabrication Fault Diagnosis of Bracket for Air Borne Vehicle Using Experimental and Analytical Modal Analysis
This paper presents the experimental and analytical modal analysis of bracket structures made of two different materials. Manual inspection of fabricated components may at-times tend to be much tedious and less economical approach in identifying any geometrical and dimensional flaws when the quantity is more and may also result in failure, particularly when the purpose for which the components are designed or fabricated is very sensitive and crucial. Effective methodology has been investigated and implemented through experimental modal analysis (EMA), in diagnosing mechanical fabrication flaws that might have occurred during machining process with the fabricator. Implemented methodology is very well backed up with the support of analytical modal analysis methods aided by finite element analysis (FEA). This paper not only includes discussion about the advantages of using experimental modal data as a means of detecting structural faults, but also includes demonstrations of how the sensitivity ratio of stiffness and mass parameters aid in easy diagnosis of physical or material oriented changes. Specifically, it is shown with a help of two dimensionally identical brackets (as said by fabricator), one made of aluminium and other made of magnesium material, both of which are part of an airborne vehicle. Initial EMA of aluminum bracket provided a basis for cornering on certain modal values and further performing EMA on magnesium bracket ended up with another set of modal values. Technically, it is to be notified that being identical on dimensions and stiffness-to-mass ratio parameters, the modal results of both the brackets must also remain same which is not so observed in this case. A benefit of doubt was achieved when it was found that there was certain dimensional disparity between aluminium and magnesium brackets. Further FEA carried out on both the brackets provided a strong supportive point for the adopted approach. Cite this Article Anil Kumar P, Jagadisan K. Fabrication Fault Diagnosis of Bracket for Air Borne Vehicle Using Experimental and Analytical Modal Analysis. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(2): 19–29p.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Electro-discharge Machining of EN24 Steel using Grey-Taguchi Method
Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the nontraditional machining processes used to produce critical shape on hard or brittle conductive materials and it can also be successfully applied on materials that are extremely difficult-to-machine using traditional machining processes. In this experimental analysis the optimum machining parameters are estimated using Taguchi based method for EN24 steel which have wide range of application in aircraft, automotive and general engineering applications for example- propeller or gear shafts, connecting rods, aircraft landing gear components. Influence of various parameters on MRR and Surface roughness of EN24 steel has also been investigated in this analysis. Taguchi methodology with L9 orthogonal array was used to optimize specified parameters such as; current, pulse on time and flushing pressure Grey relational technique is used to convert multiobjective to single objective. Finally ANOVA concept is employed on multi SN ratio to find out the relative significance of machining parameter. It is found that current has maximum significance of 44.867% on response parameters. Current at 5Amp, pulse on time at 50 μs and flushing pressure at 0.6 Kg/m2 bears the optimal levels for MRR and SR combinedly. Cite this Article Tanmay Jyoti Deka, Asit behera, Kamal K. Joshi. Optimization of process parameters in electro-discharge machining of EN24 steel using Grey- Taguchi method. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(2): 48–53p.
Investigation of Supersonic Flow Past a Cavity Using Basic Numerical Techniques
This study, investigating various features of supersonic flow past a cavity, uses higher order essentially non-oscillatory Roe (ENO-Roe) method as the numerical method that solves full compressible Navier-Stokes equation in two dimensions. The turbulence effect is modelled considering 3% level of turbulence and by imposing the turbulent gust. It is seen that vortex shedding, which is a small scale phenomenon compared to other features of the flow, has been properly captured with simple clustering grid function. Shear layer oscillation and shock formation has also been captured. This simple clustering avoids very small grid requirement in the entire domain. Thus, it can be seen that for such complex flows a simple grid function and simplistic model of turbulence works within limits for ENO-Roe method of discretization. Cite this Article Patel Dilip S, Pathak Kedar A. Investigation of Supersonic Flow Past a Cavity Using Basic Numerical Techniques. Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics. 2016; 7(2): 30–40p.