Journal of Electronic Design Technology (JoEDT) is an international eJournal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Electronic design technologies. Focus and Scope Covers Electronics Circuits Electronics Theory Computer Aided Design (CAD) Analog Electronics Digital Signal Processors Mathematical methods in Electronics Active Electronics Components
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Data Driven Controller Design for Distributed Power Sources in Microgrid
Abstract Using renewable power sources requires controlled procedures to accomplish satisfactory stabile levels of power transmission and keep up with grid power deviation. Additionally, these methodologies in a perfect world require no pre-information of the grid structure, and as meagre correspondence with neighbouring power sources as would be prudent. As a next stride, we concentrate on how the power can be dispatched from different power hotspots for enhanced grid productivity. Microgrids can convey customary as well as renewable power sources to bolster remote power distributions. The control goal is to limit a cost and power storage capacity that can be acclimated to mirror the craving to limit critical cost as well as component failures. Microgrids in isolation often require time based reconfigurations as a result of the structure of grid. A proportional grid model approximates the grid structure which was later affirmed in accordance with the behavioural variationality of grid. For decentralized operations, we present the distributed control utilizing co-simulated fuzzified analytic hierarchy process keeping in mind the end goal to take care of the issue of grid stability. The execution of the joined framework is validated through numerical simulation. Keywords: Distributed power sources; Microgrid; Decentralized Control Cite this Article Kirti Yadav, Uma Shankar Patel. Data Driven Controller Design for Distributed Power Sources in Microgrid. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 1–8p.
Modelling & Simulation of Fuzzy Logic Based Controller for Energy Storage System
Abstract The problem of transient stability in multimachine model is a semi-infinite optimization problem for nonlinear phenomenon in network of energy storage system. As this involves several sets of differential equations and algebraic constraints; therefore the application of several mathematical programming techniques won’t be enough to solve the problem. In the past several ad hoc algorithms had been proposed. This study presents a new methodology to restore the transient stability by modelling the energy storage system based on optimal power flow control using fuzzy logic based controller. The proposed methodology can be used for both dispatching and redispatching energy while overcoming transient stability constraints. We’ve also presented a statistical comparison with the existing stochastic dynamic methods. Keywords: Energy storage system, battery management system, robust control Cite this Article Archana Sahu, Uma Shankar Patel. Modelling & Simulation of Fuzzy Logic Based Controller for Energy Storage System. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2):
Design of 10T SRAM Cell for Low Power and High Speed Applications
Abstract This paper presents techniques for designing a low-power and higher read speed Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) cell. The cell achieves low power dissipation due to Virtual Ground (VGND) scheme and provides higher read performance due to Forward Body Biasing (FBB). Design metrics of the proposed SRAM cell was studied and compared with that of CON 6T, CON D10T, TG 8T, 9T, and ST-10T SRAM cells. It was observed that the proposed design shows significant improvements in read current, read delay over 6T, TG 8T, 9T, ST-10T. However, write delay and WSNM of proposed cell is significantly same as that of CON 6T and read decoupled SRAM cells but its RSNM is similar to read decoupled SRAM cells. Proposed SRAM cell has simulated at 45 nm technology PTM files for estimating its design metrics by using HSPICE circuit simulator. The proposed design achieves 27%/36%/82%/32%/26% improvement in TRA as compared to 6T/CON D10T/9T/TG 8T/ST-10T. An improvement of 66%/55%/72% in RSNM was observed as compared to 6T/TG8T/ST-10T. The proposed design consumes 39%/19%/22% less power during hold mode @ VDD =0.7 V as compared to CON D10T/9T/ ST-10T. Keywords: FBB and VGND techniques, read current, read delay, RSNM, WSNM Cite this Article Gupta R, Rajput AS, Saxena N. Design of 10T SRAM Cell for Low Power and High Speed Applications. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2):
Unoccupied Floor Extraction in Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation
Abstract Considering the today’s atomization need, autonomous mobile robot navigation and arena exploration becomes most substantial research area. The majority of navigational issues are robot localization, on floor objects localization, deciding strategy for navigation. This paper address the method used to explore empty floor detection implemented on raspberry pi 3 which assistances autonomous mobile robot in terms of localization during safe navigation. The literature shows most of the localization algorithms uses grid based arena dividing technique. The explored unoccupied floor map can use for mobile robot path planning and navigation. the method is realized on raspberry pi 3 board using python 2.7 as a programming language and OpenCV library with Ubuntu Mate operating system. The outcome of the method is time and memory efficient compares to other methods and can be utilized for dynamic environment. Keywords: Unoccupied floor extraction, obstacle detection and localization, Memory efficient SLAM, Computation efficient SLAM, Divide and merge algorithm, Mobile robot path planning and Navigation, Centralized ceiling mounted vision system Cite this Article Rahul Shivaji Pol, B Sheela Rani, M. Murugan. Unoccupied Floor Extraction in Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology.
Efficiency Improvement and Reduction in Size of Patch Antenna
Abstract This proposed antenna was result of research which was carried out to reduce the size of the patch antenna (PA) and efficiency improvement of the same. Proposed method to enhance the antenna parameter and reduction of size was defected ground structure which is popularly known as DGS. An antenna was designed at 2.14 GHz and after implementing proposed defected ground structure, resonating frequency was shifted to 1.7 from 2.1 GHz. Proposed structure was a combination of a ring with the triangle in it. This disturbance in the ground basically distributes the radiating frequency and makes antenna more efficient than ever before. Keywords: DGS, PA, size reduction, efficiency, directivity Cite this Article Shweta Tiwari, Rajesh Namdev. Efficiency Improvement and Reduction in Size of Patch Antenna. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 45–50p.
Distributed Control System Using Wired Communication Channel
Abstract This paper addresses the important aspects of RS-485 as a wired system for successful data transmission design. Wired distributed control system offers flexibility in the design and implementation at low cost and such can be applied in many useful situations. While designing distributed control system, the difficulties arises both in basic safety correctness properties as well as in achieving high performance. Hence the main objective of this research is to provide brief information about RS-485 which defines the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers that could be used to implement a balanced multipoint transmission line. This work focuses on the distributed control system in which RS-485 is used for point to point communication and providing a choice of drivers, receivers depending on the cable length, number of nodes and also to conserve power. The advantage of the proposed system is that it can handle the growing amount of work or complexity of the network. This model consists of a master and multiple slaves to control and monitor different sensors and actuators of the system. Communication between master and slaves is established using RS-485 bus. For easiness, comfort and safety a GUI using visual basic is implemented. Keywords: Distributed control System, RS-485, wired communication, master and slave Cite this Article Pramod U. Chavan, Ramadevi. R, M. Murugan et al. Distributed Control System using Wired Communication Channel. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2017; 8(2): 28–33p.
Implementation of Weighted Round Robin Algorithm in Shared Bus Architectures
Abstract The application domain of System-On-Chips (SoC) includes mobile devices, end terminals, multimedia terminals, automotive, set-top-boxes, games, processors etc. The SoC design paradigm relies heavily on reuse of intellectual property cores, enabling designers to focus on functionality and performance of the overall system. This is possible if IP cores are equipped with highly optimized interface for plug and play insertion into communication architecture. To this purpose the virtual Socket Interface Alliance represents an attempt to set the characteristics of industry wide, thus facilitating the match of pre-designed software and hardware blocks from multiple sources. The SoC interconnect must be designed and optimized to support a heterogeneous mix of data paths which may inherently have widely varying performance characteristics. The fabric must reliably deliver the required throughput and hide latency for performance critical paths while simultaneously managing the flow of traffic for slower paths and ports requiring lower bandwidth. Thus the system bus as a whole must strike the appropriate between latency and throughput for the collection data paths. Optimizing around this balance is essential to minimizing power, performance, area (PPA) costs and avoiding an inefficient, over-designed SoC. Keywords: SoC, multiprocessor, arbiter, interconnect, arbitration
Hybrid Solar PV–Wind Energy System: A Performance Study
The solar PV and, wind energy hybrid technology is based on the concept of a modular, scalable, distributed renewable energy system designed and optimized for on and off grid installations. This kind of system is fully integrated hybrid system that combines wind energy units with PV technology in a compact footprint, creating the greatest energy generation density. The hybrid concept is unique and disruptive, seamlessly utilizing wind and solar energy generation in a single unit, leveraging smart electronics, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), installation costs, inverters, and batteries. The advantages of a hybrid arrangement are the increase of the expansion of force accessible per square foot, and consolidating both, wind and sun based renewable assets. In any case, the most essential variable is that the energy accessibility of both solar and wind are complimentary, on an everyday scale, as well as through climate frameworks, and even occasionally. In this paper, a Savonius style turbine has been decided for its low running velocity and relative obtuseness to turbulence, ordinarily found on housetops. Made of galvanized metal, this type of system easily withstands extreme temperatures as well as harsh UV rays. The turbines incorporate a mechanical braking system to protect them from over rotation and the on-board electronics have temperature sensors that prevent the system from over voltage. This system takes advantage of areas of concentrated wind directly on the roof. The 1 m high turbines begin rotating in the slightest breeze. This type of system requires less area in comparison to conventional photovoltaic power plant and also power generation is higher. Keywords: Solar photovoltaic, wind energy system, hybrid system, savonius turbine
Design and Analysis of Bidirectional Charger
On-board bidirectional battery charger is an important component in a plug-in vehicle having vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability. Battery charger topologies are generally categorized under the two main categories of single-stage and two-stages. Every category has its own advantages and disadvantages. This paper attempts to make a review of the existing bidirectional battery charger topologies. Keywords: State-space model, discrete-time analysis, digital control
Wideband Bandstop Filter Using Triangular SRR-DGS
This article presents a dumbbell shaped triangular Split Ring Resonator (SRR) in the design of wideband bandstop filter. Initially, a conventional dumbbell shaped triangular Defective Ground Structure (DGS) is used to realize the single bandstop filters at the frequency of 3.55 GHz. This triangular shaped DGS structure is modified to a new structure to realize a wideband bandstop filter characteristics with the frequency range of 3.3GHz to 4.5GHz which can be suitable for wireless applications. The proposed filter has low insertion loss in the passband, sharp and wide rejection in the stopband and compact size compared to the conventional triangular DGS structure. Keywords: Band stop filter, Defected ground structure (DGS), Microstrip line, Split Ring Resonators (SRR)
FPGA-Based Multichannel Digital Duty-Cycle Modulation and Application to Simultaneous Generation of Analog Signals
The DCM (duty-cycle modulation) is used in industrial electronics as a special technique for producing switching time-varying periodic waves, with variable pulse width and modulation period. As an implication, unlike the fixed period of a PWM wave, the cyclic ratio of a DCM signal changes as a function of the modulating input according to a known function. However, most existing research works related to DCM-based instrumentation systems, are limited to single-channel contexts. In this paper, a multichannel DDCM (Digital Duty-Dycle Modulation) scheme is developed. It consists of an extended pre-computed DDCM data map which significantly reduces the overall DSP (digital signal processing) time, and a piece of dual DDCM counting logic with a downstream zero order holder per analog channel. It is used to build a well tested 4-channel FPGA-based signal generator with 10–12 bits resolution. Keywords: Multichannel, DDCM, FPGA, low frequency generator, instrumentation systems
System Preplanning Theory by using Failure vs. Reliability Analysis of DSP-270P Poly Crystalline SPV System: A Comparative Approach
A preplanning idea is always required before installing any new system. So, we present an approach for technical preplanning excluding mechanical designing and cost through this paper, to make the system more reliable as well as proper array selection scheme through the comparative analysis. It is implemented by using the comparative approach of optimized and non-optimized output for DSP270P poly-crystalline SPV array through PSO, P&O and GA techniques with the help of practical hardware and simulation approach of MATLAB-10 and ode64, aiming the development of various modern power semiconductor devices for any large or bulky SPV system network. Under this idea, the computation of output/solar power, failure rate and reliability analysis of this SPV system for different number of panels has been covered. In-spite of this, DSP210D module is compared with the different types of solar array modules with respect to the number of panels. The initiative step is done by using the data sheet of manufacturer for the comparative study under elementary platform, especially for DSP 270P (Poly Crystalline) and KS-M 280 W solar models (Mono Crystalline), BP SX 150 and SPP 280-24 solar models (Poly Crystalline) and other different modules. All the graphs for several key parameters are plotted in MATLAB. Keywords: PV, SPV, MPPT, PSO, GA, STC, NOCT
Effect on Temperature and Efficiency on Photovoltaic Module of PV/T System with Water Based Optical Filter
Solar radiation has ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiations, in which infrared and ultra-violet part of the solar radiation are mainly responsible for the heating of solar cell. This decreases the efficiency of the solar cell by –0.3 to –0.5% K-1. When we increase the concentration on the solar cell then the heat becomes more prominent and causes the damage of the solar cell, and also decreases the efficiency of solar cell. In water based optical filter PV/T systems, the infrared and ultraviolet part of the solar radiation is filtered out and allows only visible part and some part of infrared which are suitable for the solar cell according to spectral response of the solar cell used. By this approach, we can increase the overall efficiency of the PV/T system by utilizing heat part of the solar radiation as well. In this paper, comparative study has been done for the solar cell with optical filter and without optical filter in same concentration ratio with the V-trough concentrator. Temperature of the solar photovoltaic module without filter is higher than with the filter. So, PV/T system is more reliable than single photovoltaic or thermal system. It also enhances the overall efficiency of the PV/T system. Keywords: PV/T systems, solar module, solar radiation, concentration ratio, optical filter, V-trough concentrator
Power quality has a vital role lately beacuse of the impact on electricity suppliers, equipment manufacturers and customers. Power quality is described as the variation of current, voltage and frequency in a power system. It mentions to an extensive type of electromagnetic [EMI] phenomena which describes the current and voltage at a given time and at a given locality in the power system. Currently, there are several industries exploiting technology for processing units and manufacturing. This technology needs higher quality and consistency of power supply device. The industries like equipments of manufacturing units, semiconductors, computers, etc. are very sensitive to the changes of quality in power supply. Power quality (PQ) difficulties encompass a extensive range of disturbances network such as impulse transient, voltage, harmonics distortion, sags/swells, flicker, and interruptions. Voltage swells/sags can happen mainly than dissimilar PQ phenomenon. These voltage swells/sags are essentially the most undesired power problems in the vigor distribution network. The objective and scope of this paper is the study of power quality (PQ) occurrence in distribution systems. Keywords: Custom power, distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM), unified power quality compensator (UPQC), dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), power quality (PQ) Cite this Article Mahesh Koli, Vijay Bhuriya. Survey on Voltage Stability. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(3): 35-40p.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Thermal Control Mechanism in Small Scale Poultry Farm
Improvements to poultry housing systems need to focus on providing an environment that satisfies the bird’s thermal requirements in brooding and rearing duration. Newly hatched birds have a poor ability to control body temperature, and require some form of supplementary heating, particularly in the first few days after hatch, particularly in too cold and too hot weather. This paper presents the design of automatic thermal control mechanism in small-scale poultry farm to make sure chicken grows in required healthy manner and farmers suffer minimal loss due to young bird deaths and get maximum profit. This is achieved using temperature sensors, lamp, radiant heater, fan and cooler in conjunction with 89C51 microcontroller. Hourly based status of indoor temperature is updated through GSM module. An especial emergency alarm system with separate battery is also incorporated in the system to handle the worst case scenario. Keywords: 89C51, DS1820, RTC, GSM module, fan, cooler, lamp, heater Cite this Article Khan Natique Z. Microcontroller Based Automatic Thermal Control Mechanism In Small Scale Poultry Farm. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(3): 1–6p.
Comparative Studies of Three MPPT Strategies for Solar PV System
The solar power technology is one of the most predominant technologies that serve as a major source of power supply. But, its initial cost is too high and its lesser efficiency has not made its use very attractive as an alternate. Hence, it is quite critical to use maximum power available from the solar PV panel and operate it at its highest energy conversion output. For this, the solar PV system has to function at the highest power output point. MPPT technique is used to make the system operate at MPP. The work proposed here compares the performance of fuzzy logic (FL) control method developed, with that of two other MPPT methods presently used by solar PV system and upholds which MPPT technique has better performance among them. Firstly, a MATLAB based PV array us developed. Then, three MPPT methods (Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance method and fuzzy logic method) are applied on the PV array model under constant insolation condition. Relative comparison of the performance of these three techniques showed that FL based control method developed is relatively superior and effective for MPPT. Keywords: Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), perturb and observe (P&O), maximum power point (MPP), solar photovoltaic (SPV) Cite this Article Kishan B, Kiran KG, Suresh HN, et al. Comparative Studies of Three MPPT Strategies for Solar PV System. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(3): 24–34p.
Fuel Cell Power Conditioning for Low Power Applications
Fuel Cells are the important building blocks of hydrogen based applications. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCs) are useful for ambient temperature operating conditions. Fuel Cells cannot be interfaced to loads directly owing to many sources of power losses. Power Conditioning and Interface are equally important for driving loads using Fuel Cell generated power. Paper discusses the requirements of power conditioning, types of DC-DC converters, Experimental work performed on DC-DC converter using BJT, IGBT, Voltage Doubler IC and DC-DC converter ICs. The results have indicated promise of interfacing circuits for fuel cell based applications. Keywords: Fuel cell, power conditioning, power electronics, boost converter Cite this Article Dileep Kumar, Mangalvedekar HA, Mahajan SK. Fuel Cell Power Conditioning for Low Power Applications. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(3): 13-23p.
A DC-DC Boost Converter for Energy Harvesting
Energy harvesting is an emerging technology used for wireless remote and local devices. For powering these devices such as wireless nodes battery is required which demands replacement after discharging. Energy harvesting technique helps in developing battery-free operation for these devices. To do so we need power management system which itself is power efficient. These power management systems may use many technologies but one of them is DC-DC boost converter using energy or power generated by a thermoelectric generator or a solar energy. In this paper, we design the boost converter which provides the constant DC voltage of 4 V at the input of the 500 mV. Keywords: Energy harvester, DC-DC boost converter, TEG (Thermo-Electric Generator) Cite this Article Yogita Dahiya, Bal Krishan. A DC-DC Boost Converter for Energy Harvesting. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(3): 7–12p.
Development of a Robot for Identifying a Unique Object
Identifying unique object and separating it from other objects is a major task in most industries. The objects can be separated based on colour and shape parameters. In this paper a robot is designed and tested to identify unique object based on shape in a given specified region. It assumed that the object may be a cube or a sphere. A unique object identified will have either different colour or different shape when compared to the remaining object. The robot keeps moving in a specified region, when an obstacle is detected it stops and captures an image through camera which is mounted on robot. This captured image is given to Beagleboard where it performs image processing task to identify type of object. The Beagleboard used to perform image processing task comes with ARM@ CortexTM-A8 processor with 512 MB memory and low power DDR RAM. The robot takes less than 10 ms of time to identify an object. Keywords: Atmega 2560, Arduino IDE, Beagleboard, Camera, Opencv compilers, Ubuntu OS, Motor and Motor Drivers, Ultrasonic sensors Cite this Article Vijayalaxmi. Development of a Robot for Identifying a Unique Object. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(2): 35–40p.
In days gone by the petrol level measurement is done by analog meters. It consists of determining the quantity of petrol in the tank at different levels but not accurately. This paper is aimed to design a system to monitor and display the petrol level by using Ultra sonic sensor and a controller. Two different tanks shapes Square, Cylindrical are chosen for the design and measurement purpose. The controller performs the specified task, i.e., displaying the petrol level and the distance vehicle can travel. Vehicles like motorcycles, cars, buses and trucks and equipment such as compressors, generators needs a means of refueling so that it can run to the destination as efficiently as possible. If the equipment is built in with the digital petrol indicator to know how much fuel is left over to reach the destination, and also to know how much fuel to be stored for the safe and secure journey. Keywords: Distance, Fuel Indicator, Microcontroller, Round trip time, Ultrasonic sensor, Zigbee Cite this Article Dinesh Kumar N, Sai Sreeram G. Wireless Digital Fuel Level Indicator. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(2): 41–46p.
An Energy Stored Quasi Z Source Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
In the world today, there is a huge demand of power, although we have sufficient energy generation technique, renewable energy power generation plays a major role, like solar. This paper is about the control technique which includes ES-QZSI combined with CMI and energy storage in order to get constant output power without fluctuation from the solar panel. Combines cascaded multilevel inverter and quasi Z source inverter. Battery is used to balance the fluctuations of photovoltaic systems and achieve high voltage/high power. Solar power presents the intermittent and unscheduled characteristics, so energy storage is always added in PV system to get a smooth power. Energy stored QZSI (ES-QZSI) has already been proposed for PV system application. If combining the ES-QZSI with the CMI together, the ES-QZS-CMI based PV system will inherit all the merits of the energy storage and QZS-CMI based PV system. Moreover, comparing to the QZS-CMI based PV system, the new system can send the balanced power to the grid, and at the same time each module ensures separate MPPT to collect maximum solar power. Keywords: ES-QZSI (Energy Stored Quasi Z Source Inverter), QZS-CMI (Quasi Z Source Inverter with Cascaded Multilevel Inverter), PV (Photovoltaic), MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) Cite this Article Pattathurani L. An Energy Stored Quasi Z Source Cascaded Multilevel Inverter. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(2): 24–34p.
Reconfigurable Industrial WSN in IOT Environment with Smart Sensor Interface Using FPGA
IEEE1451 is set of standards developed by IEEE for connecting transducers to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, or control networks. These standards define TEDs for each transducer connected to system. TED stores transducer related information in memory like EEPROM. Wireless sensor network is network of distributed sensors that monitor environmental parameters and cooperatively pass data to main location through network. IEEE1451 defines standards for connecting actuators to processor in WSN. Internet of things defines the network of objects surrounded by sensors, electronics, software, and network capable processors. Wireless sensor network works at physical layer of IoT. Sensor interface device is required to collect sensor data in internet of things. Traditional sensor interface device are not truly parallel in sensor data acquisition. In this design, FPGA is adopted as a sensor interface device with corresponding IEEE1451 protocols. Keywords: FPGA, WSN, internet of things (IoT), sensor data acquisition
Simulation of Z-Source Inverter for Photovoltaic Cell Applications
Our project is about the implementation of z-source inverter for solving shading problem. The application of photovoltaic cell normally faces the shading problem of solar light, so that it leads to inconsistent power generation and low system efficiency. Z-source inverter overcomes the conceptual and theoretical barriers and limitations of the traditional voltage source converter (abbreviated as V-source converter) and current source converter (abbreviated as I-source converter). The z-source concept can be applied to all DC-to-AC, AC-to-DC, AC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC power conversion. The z-source inverter employs unique LC network to couple the inverter main circuit. The z-source inverter provides both voltage buck and boost capabilities, which cannot be achieved with conventional voltage source and current source inverter. Keywords: Buck-boost, current source inverters (CSIs), pulse-width modulation (PWM), photovoltaic (PV) array, voltage source inverters (VSIs), Z-source inverters
Implementation of FSO Link for Full Duplex Short Range Communication
Extensive data transfer is a need of all modern communicating devices. Wired communication requires lots of bulky wires to be laid everywhere. To setup a small ad hoc network, it is not advisable to lay down long wires. Other than requirement of wires, one also needs very good communication speed to withstand the need of very high bandwidth for multimedia data transfer. A communication link that satisfies both the requirements is free space optical (FSO) communication. The paper aimed the setup of FSO link that is capable of carrying full duplex data at more than 100 kbps speed and can also transfer real time audio data. Three transceiver modules are designed for communication purpose. The link is first simulated using Optsim tool and then implemented using standard microprocessors. The link is reliable and can achieve the BER of 10–7. The setup is tested for stored images, videos and real time audio data. Keywords: Free space optics, full duplex transmission, FSO link setup
Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Al 8011 Reinforced with Micro B4C/Red Mud by Stir Casting Method
Aluminium metal matrix composites are emerging as the most versatile material for unique automotive, aviation, aerospace, defense, marine applications and other structural applications due to their excellent mixture of properties. In the present investigation, a hybrid composite of Al8011 aluminium alloy reinforced with B4C and red mud was fabricated by stir casting method. Red mud is one of the major waste material extracted from the bauxite ore of alumina during Bayer’s process. Red mud is considered as a dangerous material according to the brazillian standard NBR 10004/2004, which is being worked under room condition as a reinforcement with aluminium metal matrix. The samples were casted by varying the proportions in weight percentage by stir casting route. The samples are subjected to tensile, compression, hardness test and its micro structures observed. Keywords: Stir casting, hybrid composite, red mud, B4C Cite this Article P. Manimaran, C. Karthik Kumar, R. Bharanirajan et al. Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Al 8011 Reinforced with Micro B4C/Red Mud by Stir Casting Method. Journal of Electronic Design and Technology. 2016; 7(1): 32–38p.