Signatures of Increasing Energy Demand of Past Two Decades as Captured in Rain Water Composition and Airmass Trajectory Analysis at Delhi (India)
Resumo
This study reports chemical characteristics of rain water in Delhi during monsoon (2010–11) with a comparison to earlier reported values of 1994. The results showed that non-marine sources had significant influence on rain water composition. The pH of the samples varied from 5.24 to 7.48 with an average value of 6.52 showing an alkaline nature of rain water. However, the dominance of NO3− over SO42− indicated higher influence of vehicular emissions over industrial sources at this urban site. Air mass trajectory analysis revealed that the easterly air masses were the most polluted which carried highest amount of NO3− and SO42−. The study highlighted that the difference in ion balance may be minimized by including measured HCO3− concentrations especially in Indian perspective where interference of soil-derived CaCO3 is reported very high. A comparison of this study with that of 1994 values reported earlier indicated a remarkable increase in the concentrations of various chemical components of rain water which might be due to the impact of industrial and urban expansion of the city since 1994. The maximum increase (~12 times) was noticed for NO3− concentrations, clearly reflecting the signatures of increased emissions of NOx from various anthropogenic sources, especially, vehicular emissions which are drastically increased during past two decades. In spite of introduction of CNG vehicles, Bharat stage I–IV emission norms and metro rail etc., increase of NOx suggests an immediate need of further stringent regulations.Keywords: Vehicular emissions, energy demand, rain chemistry, NOx, airmass trajectory
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