Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology (RRJoBT): is an international web based Journal focused towards the publication of current research work carried out under biotechnology. Focus and Scope Covers Industrial Biotechnology Animal Biotechnology Plant Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology Crop Biotechnology Gene Therapy and Cloning Genetic Engineering Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology (RRJoBT): is a print and online Journal focused towards the publication of current research work carried out in the area of Biotechnology. The Journal intends to publish articles of Multidisciplinary nature and developments in different disciplines of Bioscience and Biotechnology. Focus and Scope Covers Industrial Biotechnology Animal Biotechnology Plant Biotechnology Medical Biotechnology Microbial Biotechnology Crop Biotechnology Gene Therapy and Cloning Bioprocess engineering Biomedical engineering Biopharmaceutical Engineering Genetic Engineering Tissue engineering Bioinformatics Bio-mechatronics Genomics and Proteomics Genetic Testing Metabolic Engineering New tools and Products useful in Research, Agriculture and Industry Emerging techniques related to Biotechnology
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Effect of Complexation of Copper with a Preferred Amino acid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3558 on its Metabolism
The present work studies the effect on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3558 when copper sulphate pentahydrate is complexed with a preferred amino acid of S.cerevisiae NCIM. The study showed the fact that not only the amino acid or ligand but also the metal ion involved is an important factor for the biological effects of ligand–metal complexes effects on yeast metabolism per se. Studies are elaborated extensively. Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glutamine copper, antagonist, glucose metabolism Cite this Article Karthikeyan KS, Rajender M, Sastry KS. Effect of Complexation of Copper with a Preferred Amino acid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3558 on its Metabolism. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(2): 7–11p.
Confirming Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants Grown in Solid Waste Polluted Areas of Agra City against Alternaria alternata
The present studies were conducted with an aim to determine the presence of occurrence of medicinal plants and antifungal activities of twenty selected medicinal plants from five different solid waste polluted areas of the Agra city. Achyranthes aspera, Calotropis procera, Ricinus communis shows maximum presence of occurrence, i.e., 10.63% and Eugenia jambolana has minimum presence of occurrence, i.e., 2.12%. As these plants are used for medicinal purposes such as in ayurvedic or other alternative with normal conditions plants, so the monitoring of these plants are essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of human being as well. The leaf samples are collected in the morning and dried after washing and were powdered; samples are extracted in ethanol in soxhlet extractor. Antifungal activities of the samples extract were tested against test fungus Alternaria alternata by using weight loss method. Eugenia jambolana showed maximum percentage of inhibition of 27.38% which could be a material to fight against the presence of solid waste pollution by showing maximum number of phytocompounds. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Weight loss method, Antifungal activities, Soxhlet extractor Kavita Chaudhary, Sarita Kaushik, Balla Sundara Singh. Confirming Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants Grown in Solid Waste Polluted Areas of Agra City against Alternaria alternata. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(2): 12–18p
A Note on General Bioremediation Technologies
The global environmental condition is under huge stress. The reason could be urbanization and industrialisation and the ever increasing population and its pressure on the natural resources. The environmental pollution control has become the most challenging task to deal with. There are many ways through which pollution can be controlled. One such efficient tool is the bioremediation. The usage of certain microorganisms to degrade or reduce the pollutants like heavy metals or hazardous wastes at a polluted site is known as bioremediation. Expeditious urbanization and highly intensive farming and other human activities are the main cause for the land degradation and other pollution problems. The review reveals that the toxic pollutants are being released into the environment every day, hence it is emerging as an effective and attractive tool to treat and recover the environment. Keywords: Microorganisms, in situ and ex situ remediation, phytoremediation Cite this Article Vinay KA, Saranya D. A Note on General Bioremediation Technologies. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(2): 4–6p.
A Review about Scope of Traditional Medicinal Plants in a New Drug Discovery
‘AYUSH’ is the most important traditional system of medicine, which has been practised since thousands of long years by our ancestors. AYUSH has a very good healing power for so many problems by using both traditional and natural medicine. The new drug discovery is taking long time to produce its products and thus there is a reduction in number of new drug approvals due to different issues like legal problems or additional effects or the end result and its costs are also very high compared with AYUSH medicines. On doing bio-assay to the identified plant, it may lead to the isolation of a druggable compound called new drug. The success rate is more in herbal medicine than the drug that is chemically synthesized and economically friendly in nature. Mother Nature has an abundant wealth of medicinal plants. About 50% of all modern drugs consist of derivatives of natural products which are derived from medicinal plants. So, since in the recent year’s development, the drug discovery from plant source is more focused than the drugs synthesized chemically. Medicinal plants are highly valued as a source of molecule for therapeutics. The medicinal plant drugs can also act on pharmacological targets like cancer, malaria, HIV and so many harmful diseases to the mankind. The methods used to extract the new drugs from different medicinal plants are proved to be the best successful approaches to discover the new medicinal plants. Keywords: AYUSH, medicinal plants, drug discovery, bio-assay, therapeutics, pharmacological targets, herbs Cite this Article Ananda HV, Priyanka R, Harshitha HC et al. A Review about Scope of Traditional Medicinal Plants in a New Drug Discovery. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(2): 1–3p.
Effect of the Length of Antisense RNA on Bacterial Enzyme Production
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The artificial genes were designed to produce single stranded RNA molecules complementary to various lengths of the 5’ end of the messenger RNA molecules of the two bacterial enzymes. Four different antisense RNA molecules for each enzyme were synthesized to be complementary to the messenger RNA molecule of beta-galactosidase each from 30 nucleotides upstream from the initial AUG codon and binding to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. For the beta galactosidase messenger RNA of E. coli, the antisense RNA molecules were 76, 119, 160 and 210 nucleotides in length. For the urease messenger RNA of Proteus vulgaris, the antisense RNA molecules were 51, 120, 174, and 226 nucleotides long. Binding of the antisense RNA to the messenger RNA interfered with the translation of the messenger RNA to produce bacterial enzymes. As the antisense RNA molecules for the E. coli beta-galactosidase messenger RNA molecules increased in length, the production of the enzyme increased from 38.8%, to 65.2%, to 85.2% to 100% of the control. As the antisense RNA molecules for the Proteus vulgaris urease messenger RNA molecules increased in length, the production of the enzyme increased from 54.0%, to 65.9%, to 74.6%, to 80.4% of the control. These results suggest that the smaller in length the antisense RNA is; the more effective it is at inhibiting translation of the mRNA molecules of these two enzymes in these two bacteria. Keywords: Antisense RNA, length, enzyme production Goldstein G, McKenzie ET, Reed NR, et al. Effect of the Length of Antisense RNA on Bacterial Enzyme Production. 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Optimization of Process Parameters of an Oil Expeller for Pongamia pinnata Seeds
The present study examined a new process, in which Pongamia pinnata seeds were pressed in a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. Series of tests were conducted to determine the best performance (oil extraction yield, and oil quality) by studying the influence of operating conditions, screw speed, flow rate and barrel temperature. The flow rate and screw speed affected oil extraction yield. An increase of oil extraction yield was observed as the screw speed was increased (100 rpm) with a decreased flow rate of seeds (3 kg/h). Slight increase of oil yield was observed when the barrel temperature was in the range of 50–60ºC. Highest oil extraction yield was obtained at screw speed of 100 rpm, flow rate of 3 kg/h and the barrel temperature of 55ºC. The obtained oil was of good quality (density of oil = 0.940 g/cc, kinematic viscosity = 40.53 centistokes). Keywords: Oil quality, Pongamia pinnata seeds, twin-screw extruder, operating conditions, oil yield Cite this Article Kotagi VK, Chandrakumar R. Optimization of process parameters of an oil expeller for Pongamia pinnata seeds. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(1): 33–36p.
Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia): A Natural Gift in Support of the Research in Medicine and Biotechnology
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is acknowledged to be nature’s silent healer. It is a prospective herbal plant applied world widely in traditional systems of medicine (TSM) to modern medicine. It is medically very effective for various diseases such as diabetes, blood coagulation, cancer, menstrual stimulation and several diseases. Momordica fruit is frequently used in TSM, because it is very potent for cure, multidimensional function and reduces the consequences of diseases. Bitter guard is well-known to have hypoglycaemic activity. The endeavor of this review is to comprehend the knowledge of plants used in TSM and in applied biotechnology, for researches in relation to formulate their use by eloquent their pharmacological properties, therapeutic agents so that the data and information of this review could be utilized in drawing approaches for coherent and more systematic and scientific use of medicinal plants in an approach that can be complete point of view for scientific and technical analysis in miscellaneous aspects. Here, we would like to light on its contribution in the field of biotechnology, and few highlights from TSM. In addition, we will uncover the supplementary medicinal properties of M. charantia that will help researchers to pull in concert data regarding the fruit effortlessly. Keywords: Momordica charantia, biotechnology, bitter gourd, traditional system of medicine (TSM) Cite this Article Parray ZA, Parray SA, Islam A. Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia): A Natural Gift in Support of the Research in Medicine and Biotechnology. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(1): 1–13p.
Experimental Recording of the SU-8 Micropillars by Scanning Electron Microscope
SU-8 micropillars are designed in the laboratory computer. The designed SU-8 micropillars are fabricated by the maskless lithography using standard SU-8 processing methods. The range in side length of square SU-8 micropillars is 100 micron to 350 micron. The range in diameter of circular SU-8 micropillars is 100 micron to 350 micron. The SEM images of these fabricated SU-8 micropillars are captured by different tilt angles to characterise these micropillars. These SU-8 micropillars can be fabricated inside the SU-8 based lab-on-a-chip systems for microfluidic applications. Keywords: SU-8, micropillars, scanning electron microscope (SEM) Cite this Article Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay. Experimental Recording of the SU-8 Micropillars by Scanning Electron Microscope. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(1): 29–32p.
Immunoassay and its Biotechnological Relevance
Immunoassays are bioanalytical methods to quantify of the analyte (antigen) depending on its reaction with an antibody. These methods are based on a competitive binding reaction between a fixed amount of labeled analyte and a variable amount of unlabelled sample analyte for a limited amount of binding sites on a highly specific anti-analyte antibody. Applications of immunoassays are diagnosis of diseases, therapeutic drug monitoring, clinical pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in drug discovery and pharmaceutical industries. The importance and widespread use of immunoassay methods in pharmaceutical analysis are attributed to their inherent specificity, high-throughput, and high sensitivity for the analysis of wide range of analytes in biological samples. Recently, marked improvements were achieved in the field of immunoassay development for the purposes of pharmaceutical analysis. These improvements involved the preparation of the unique immune analytical reagents, analysis of new categories of compounds, methodology, and instrumentation. This article is grafted to include all the aspects of immunoassay in brief. Keywords: Immunoassay, pharmaceutical analysis, drug discovery, pharmaceutical industry, antibodies Cite this Article Patel C, Bhadani J, Chavda V et al. Immunoassay and its Biotechnological Relevance. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 7(1):17–28p.
Surgical Management of Traumatic Esophageal and Laryngeal Rupture in a Dog
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> A one-year-old male dog presented with an extensive dog bite injury over ventrolateral aspect of the neck was diagnosed to have esophageal and laryngeal rupture. Clinical examination and radiography aided in diagnosis. The condition was repaired by surgical reconstruction under general anesthesia and the animal recovered complications without any untoward consequences. Keywords: Esophageal perforation, laryngeal perforation, dog bite, nasogastric tube Cite this Article Kumar PR, Prasad VD, Sailaja B, et al. Surgical Management of Traumatic Esophageal and Laryngeal Rupture in a Dog. 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A Review of Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber Reinforce Material for Green Composite
The use of natural fiber as reinforcement in polymeric composites for technical applications has been a research subject of scientists during last decade. Natural fibers have the advantages that they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. Agriculture wastes can be used to prepare green composites. Consumption of plastics can also be reduced by using natural fiber reinforced composite. There is growing interest in the use of woven composites for structural applications. There is a great interest in the application of banana fiber as a substitute for synthetic fiber. This review gives pathway for designers on the specific application of green composites. A concise summary of the major attributes of biodegradable natural fibers are provided with their mechanical properties. Keywords: Natural fiber, green composite, banana fiber Cite this Article Vishal J. Pandya, Pravin P. Rathod. A Review of Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber Reinforce Material for Green Composite. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(3): 1–5p.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Hulba (Trigonellafoenumgraecum Linn.) in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Control Trial
The prevalence of the disease is approximately 0.5–1%. Rheumatoid arthritis has a large impact on patient’s quality of life and it has also been associated with a reduced life expectancy. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Tukhm Hulba (Trigonellafoenumgraecum Linn.) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. The study was carried out as a single, blind, randomized and standard controlled trial, to evaluate the efficacy of Tukhme Hulba (Trigonellafoenumgraecum Linn.) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Sixty diagnosed patients of rheumatoid arthritis according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were included and randomly allocated to control and test groups; comprising 40 patients in test and 20 patients in control group. The test drug Tukhm Hulba was given to the test group in the form of tablet in the dose of 5 gm orally twice a day for 45 days, while the control group received Habbe Suranjan as a standard drug in the dose of two pills twice a day for 45 days. Rheumatoid arthritis patients were assessed for DAS28 score, subjective and objective parameters. The results were analysed statistically using Friedman test, Mann Whitney test, and paired ‘t’ test for intra group comparison, while Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, one way ANOVA with post-test for inter group comparison and CRP and RA factor were analysed by using Fisher’s extract test. The test drug exhibited significant effect on DAS28 score (p<0.01) and subjective parameters like morning stiffness (p<0.05), arthritis in three or more joints (p<0.05); while there was no effect on symmetrical arthritis. On objective parameters, there was no significant effect observed in ESR, CRP, RA factor and X-ray joints. The study revealed that the test drug exhibits good response on parameters such as DAS 28 score, morning stiffness and arthritis in three or more joints. Furthermore, no adverse effect was observed at the end of trial. Therefore, it may be concluded that the test drug is safe but not potentially effective in rheumatoid arthritis. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Tukhme Hulba, randomized controlled trial Cite this Article Musta Ali, Siddiqui MA, Khan Javed A. Evaluation of Efficacy of Hulba (Trigonellafoenumgraecum Linn.) in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Control Trial. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(3): 27–34p.
Turmeric Extract and Curcumin Enhance the Yield of T2 Bacteriophage in E. coli
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Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase: A Review
Excessive levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have a devastating effect on life and the environment. Due to increasing CO2 emissions, there are several carbon sequestration techniques that have been employed such as oceanic injection, geological injection, and scrubbing and carbonation which are expensive, prone to leakage and have limited efficiency. They also require careful regulation and monitoring. Therefore, there is a need for an efficient and cost-effective technique to combat the ever-increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. The immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) is one such novel technique that has the potential to successfully sequester the CO2 present in the atmosphere. In the present study, a comparison was drawn between the different techniques and support systems used to immobilize CA. Comparative studies on temperature dependence have shown that immobilization of the enzyme imparts considerable thermal stability to it, the degree of stability varying with different support systems. However, kinetic parameter such as Km has been observed to increase, owing to the diffusion constraints of the substrate to the active site of the enzyme. The carbonation capacity of the immobilized enzyme was observed to be almost equal to the free enzyme, again with variation among different support systems. This paper provides an overview of the various immobilization techniques and their drawbacks. Keywords: immobilization, carbonic anhydrase (CA), carbon sequestration Cite this Article Shenoy A, Shree Padma M, Sanketi BD, et al. Immobilization of Carbonic Anhydrase: A Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(3): 10–18p.
A Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Euphorbia hirta L. Bud Extracts against Escherichia coli
Methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide and Aqueous extracts of buds of Euphorbia hirta L. have been evaluated for antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli. Antibacterial effect examined by disc diffusion method. Maximum in vitro inhibition was scored in methanol or aqueous extracts of bud of Euphorbia hirta L. which showed inhibition diameter of 20 mm against Escherichia coli, followed by dimethyl sulfoxide extract of the same plant leaf with inhibition diameter of 15 mm. Moderate inhibition of E. coli was found in ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta with inhibition diameter of 13 mm. Bud extract of Euphorbia hirta possess antibacterial particles soluble in different solvent that could regulate growth and multiplication of tested bacterial species. Keywords: Euphorbia hirta L., antibacterial activity, solvents, bud extracts, Escherichia coli Cite this Article Indu Kumari. A Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Euphorbia hirta L. Bud Extracts against Escherichia coli. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(3): 6–9p.
CRISPR-Cas System: Next Generation Genome Editing Tool
CRISPR-Cas system provides sequence specific adaptive immunity against phages and mobile genetic elements. Resistance is acquired following phage infection or plasmid uptake when short specific sequence is added into CRSIPR array. This complex guides cRNA to target complementary DNA fragments and target its degradation. CRISPR array is then transcribed and processed into cRNA which forms complex with cas protein. The ability of CRISPR-Cas system to induce site specific DNA breaks makes it suitable candidate for genome editing. Although CRISPR-Cas genome editing is relatively unexplored and under-represented in eukaryotic systems, but recent work in CRISPR-Cas genome editing all over the world provides valuable insights for widespread future applicability of it i.e. genetically modified plants, therapeutic design, gene surgery, fuel, animal model and genetic variations. This review emphasizes on molecular events involved in CRISPR-Cas system and recent progress in applicability of this system in genome editing. Keywords: CRISPR-Cas, genome editing, PAM, acquired immunity, cRNA Cite this Article Monika, Rahul Kumar Meena, Leela Wati. CRISPR-Cas System: Next Generation Genome Editing Tool. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(2): 10–16p.
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs): A Recent Advance in Power Generation
Continuous use of petroleum fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of their depleting supplies and the contribution of these fuels to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide new opportunities for the sustainable production of energy from biodegradable compounds. The construction and analysis of MFCs require knowledge at both scientific and engineering fields. Therefore unfolding MFC systems involves an understanding of these diverse scientific and engineering principles. Keywords: Green, energy, electricity, microbial cells, generation Cite this Article Ijawoye RO, Oluwalami AS, Ibrahim TA. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs): A Recent Advance in Power Generation. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(2): 17–23p.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Toxicity
Liver is a vital organ which plays a major role in metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. Liver injury or liver dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic chemicals and excessive alcohol consumption and microbes is well studied. The available synthetic drugs to treat liver disorders in this condition also cause further damage to the liver. Hence, drugs from herbs have become increasingly popular and their use is wide spread. Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of liver diseases for a long time. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Cryptomeria japonica against experimentally induced hepatoxicity models in Swiss albino rats. Silymarine was given as reference standard. The plant has shown very significant hepatoprotection against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in reducing serum total bilirubin, SALP, SGPT, SGOT, TB and TP levels. Keywords: Cryptomeria japonica, total protein, total bilirubin, carbontetrachloride Cite this Article Priya S. Hepatoprotective Activity of Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Toxicity. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(2): 6–9p.
The cryosurgery is a useful surgical technique in which the undesirable tissue such as tumors are easily removed by extreme cooling. Cryosurgery’s primitive benefit is that as a percutaneous method, it minimizes the invasiveness and cost associated with conventional surgery. Various types of Cryogens which are used in cryosurgery include nitrogen oxide, liquid nitrogen and liquid argon having boiling temperature of -89.5°C, -196°C, and -187°C respectively. Generally liquid nitrogen (LN2) is used as cryogen because of minimum boiling temperature. Liquid nitrogen is available and easily applied. The effect of mass flow rate on LN2 cryoprobe is described and the study of heat transfer enhancement configuration on cryoprobe is mentioned. To perform a cryosurgery a complete understanding of mechanism of tissue injury is required. A thermal parameters are to be controlled for efficient cryosurgery. Rapid freezing, hold time, slow thawing and repetitive freeze/thaw cycle is a standard procedure for cryosurgical treatment. Cryosurgical treatment is efficient and effective in various skin disease and cancer. It provides good cosmetic result and high cure rates with low operational cost. A review on cryosurgical treatment using cryoprobe method is described. A review on development of efficient cryoprobe was carried out to understand the effect of thermal parameters for performing cryosurgical treatment.
In silico PASS-Assisted Biological Activity Predictions of a Phytoconstituent Astilbin isolated from Thelypteroid fern Sphaerostephanos arbuscula (Willd.) Holttum
Pteridophytes are the most important land plants with enormous medicinal properties. The medicinal properties of this group of plants mainly depend upon the numerous phytoconstituents present inside the plants. In the present study, the biological activity spectra of a phytoconstituent Astilbin isolated from Thelypteroid fern Sphaerostephanos arbuscula was predicted using computer-aided program—Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS). The PASS predicted activity of Astilbin exhibited its various probable activities (Pa). The results indicated that the phytoconstituent exhibited various activities such as hemostatic, chemopreventive, vasoprotector, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotectant, cardioprotectant, antioxidant, melanin inhibitor, skin whitener, antihemorrhagic, antineoplastic, antiviral, antifungal (Influenza), etc. In the future, the results of this study will help in the preparation of medicines in pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: PASS, biological activity, Astilbin, Sphaerostephanos arbuscula Cite this Article Raj TLS, De Britto AJ, Vanila D. In silico PASS-Assisted Biological Activity Predictions of a Phytoconstituent Astilbin isolated from Thelypteroid fern Sphaerostephanos arbuscula. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(2): 24–29p.
RAPD–PCR Analysis of An Important Medicinal Plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms Collected from Western Ghats of South India
Herbal drug technology is the emerging area in pharmaceutical industries. The molecular-based quality control is need of the hour to find out the adulterant. DNA-based techniques have been widely used for authentication of plant species of medicinal importance. The present study investigates the RAPD-PCR analysis of Tinospora cordifolia using RAPD-PCR techniques between five populations. A total of 44 polymorphic bands were observed. The genetic distance between the population ranged from 0.1206 to 0.2877 and the genetic identity ranged from 0.7500 to 0.8864. The overall observed and effective number of alleles was about 1.3209 and 1.2427, respectively. Nei’s overall genetic diversity was 0.1382. The UPGMA dendrogram represents the phylogenetic relationship between different accessions. The results revealed very high level of genetic diversity among the population of selected species. The results of the current research can be used to characterize the plant taxonomically based on the molecular profiles. Keywords: medicinal herb, DNA polymorphism, Tinospora cordifolia, genetic variation, RAPD–PCR Cite this Article Stephan Raj TL, Vidhya P, De Britto AJ. RAPD–PCR analysis of an important medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms collected from Western Ghats of South India. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(1): 1–5p.
3D-QSAR Studies, Molecular Docking and Adme Property Prediction of Mannosyl Triazoles Used as Potent Antiadhesives of Uropathogenic E. coli
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases, accounting for almost five million cases annually and causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Escherichia coli is a commensal inhabitant of the mammalian large intestine and the most common cause of UTIs in humans. Increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli causing up to 95% of these infections, calls for additional therapeutic considerations. In this study, 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis using kNN-MFA method was performed on a series of mannosyl triazoles derivatives as FimH antagonists and discovered four potent novel FimH antagonists. Here, inhibitory concentration, IC50 for 26 antagonists were used, which were already approved for clinical treatment, and the best model was evaluated using random selection method by division of dataset into training and test set. The stepwise forward-backward kNN-MFA methodology was used for model building. The selected best 3D-QSAR model has training set of 23 molecules and test set of three molecules. Significant values of the cross-validated correlation q2 (0.76) and predictive correlation coefficient pre_r2 (0.88) revealed that this model have reasonable power to predict the biological affinity of new compound in interactions with lectin FimH receptor. The drug likeness of these molecules was checked through ADMET property prediction. Keywords: uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacterial adhesin FimH, FimH antagonists, kNN-MFA Cite this Article Ansari S, Misra BN, Srivastava V. 3D-QSAR Studies, Molecular Docking and Adme Property Prediction of Mannosyl Triazoles Used as Potent Antiadhesives of Uropathogenic E. coli. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(1): 26–33p.
Treatment of Crop Residues Using a Noble Thermostatic Bacterial Isolate to Improve Feed Utilization by Ruminants
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Most researches in modification of nutrient values of crop residue by using biological methods have primarily focused on treatment using fungi. The use of bacterial isolates is yet hardly assessed to isolate novels from different sources. Some reports indicated the lignocellulolytic activity of thermostatic bacteria and their potential to produce in shorter time. In this context, the present study was focused on isolation of novel thermostatic bacteria from different sources to improve the nutritional value of crop residues thereby utilization of ruminants. For biological treatment, four bacteria were isolated from different sources and one noble isolate was selected. Crop residues such as sugarcane baggase (SB), corn straw (CS) and teff straw (Eragrostis tef) (TS) were used and fermented with isolate HSW. The amount of reducing sugar, % of saccharification, crude protein, % lignin loss and % in vitro digestibility (IVDMD) were measured and statistically analyzed. While the maximum amount of reducing sugar (531 mg/100 ml), % of saccharification (477.9 mg/100 ml), % of lignin loss (38.80%) and % of IVDMD (47.69%) were reported in SB treated with HSW. The amount of reducing sugar and % saccharification of SB was statistically significant (p<0.005). CS treated with bacterial strain were responsible for accumulation of high crude protein (36.5 mg/100 gm) with significant value of (p<0.005). The availability of crop residues such as SB, CS and TS fermentation with noble thermostatic bacterial isolate HSW could be an option in animal feed formulation. Thermostatic bacteria can be considered as a competent organism for biological treatment. Keywords: Biological treatment, cellulose, crop residue, reducing sugar, ruminant, thermostatic bacteria Cite this Article Anteneh Getachew and Andualem Birhane. Treatment of Crop Residues Using a Noble Thermostatic Bacterial Isolate to Improve Feed Utilization by Ruminants. 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Bio-Ethanol Production from Areca Nut Husk by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process Using Mixed Cultures Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Bioethanol as an alternative source of energy has received special attention worldwide with the recent advances in biotechnology Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an efficient anaerobic ferments cellulase abundantly present in lingo-cellulosic biomass with high yield and productivity. Mixed culture fermentation can be considered as a technology for production of cellulase and further fermentation to produce ethanol, considering the low cost input and ability to utilize naturally available sources of cellulose as substrate. In this study, it was qualitatively estimated that ethanol can be produced using arecanut husk as the substrate by carrying out simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cellulase enzyme from Aspergillus niger was utilized in the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses, simultaneous fermentation to convert sugars into ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After 7 days of fermentation by conducting qualitative test by iodine test and potassium dichromate test. Iodoform occurs as solid at room temperature has smell of antiseptic and is water insoluble. Keywords: Saccharification, arecanut husk, antiseptic Cite this Article Rakesh NR, Suraksha P, Vinay CM et al. Bio-Ethanol Production From Areca Nut Husk By Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process Using Mixed Cultures Aspergillus niger And Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(1): 6–10p.
Starter Culture Development for Spontaneously Fermented Buttermilk
Fourteen fermented milks were made from ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk using mixtures of three strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and two yeast strains isolated from spontaneously fermented buttermilk (SFB). The isolates used for this experiment were Lactococcus (Lc.) lactis ssp lactis strain NGLC1, Lc. lactis ssp lactis strain NGLC2, Lactobacillus plantarum strain NGLB1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain NGY1 and Kluyveromyces marxianus strain NGY2. Inoculated milk was fermented for 48 h at 30 ºC and samples for analysis were taken every 12 h. At each sampling time, viable cells and pH were measured. Carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids were analysed using high pressure liquid chromatography. Volatile compounds were analysed using headspace gas chromatography. Ten out of fourteen products showed adequate fermentation since they had a final pH between 4.01 and 4.09 and an average microbial count of log 9 cfu mL-1 of LAB and log6 cfu mL-1 of yeasts. Eight organic acids, 15 volatile compounds and 22 amino acids were detected in the fermented products. Out of the 15 volatile compounds four acetaldehyde, diacetyl, ethanol and acetoin were detected as major aroma compounds. Pure and mixed strains used to ferment 12 products were recommended as starter cultures for SFB as they showed fast acid production, metabolize citrate and produce acceptable levels of organic volatile compounds. Keywords: Starter culture, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, organic and volatile compounds Cite this Article Negussie Gebreselassie, Pal Akrust, Fekadu Beyene. Starter Culture Development for Spontaneously Fermented Buttermilk. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Biotechnology. 2016; 6(1): 11–25p.