Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology
Research & Reviews : Journal of Immunology (RRJoI): is a Journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Immunology. Focus and Scope Covers Classical Immunology Clinical Immunology Developmental Immunology Diagnostic Immunology Evolutionary Immunology Reproductive Immunology Immunopathogensis
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Psychoactive and Physiological Homogeneity of Cannabis: A Literature Review: Actions of the Medical Plant that Takes Care of Itself
Naturally occurring plants like Cannabis and the biologically ubiquitous alkaloids (e.g., morphine, quinine, and atropine) are composed of mostly physiological and psychoactive compounds. Extracts of the Cannabis plant are not alkaloid substances nor are they not related chemically to alkaloids, having no component nitrogen in their structures. Three species of Cannabis (marijuana) are recognized in scientific classifications: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indicus and Cannabis ruderalis. Cannabis sativa is the species that contains the largest amounts of two highly active compounds. Delta9-THC is the primary component of Cannabis sativa, used for its widely desired effects in drug abusers that are centered mostly in the mind (i.e., with intoxication and euphoria). Cannabidiol (CBD) is not intoxicating but has a seeming plethora of therapeutic actions. Cannabis indicus, with a different biological appearance than Cannabis sativa, has generally milder physical effects that tend to be expressed somatically (i.e., rather than mentally). Cannabis ruderalis, as a plant species often indistinguishable from Cannabis sativa, nonetheless, generally exhibits much less pharmacological activity. Keywords: Cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), delta9-THC, homogeneity Cite this Article Flaer P. Psychoactive and Physiological Homogeneity of Cannabis: A Literature Review: Actions of the Medical Plant that Takes Care of Itself. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology. 2017; 7(2): 1–4p.
Characterization of a Broadly Specific LPS-Neutralizing Single Domain Antibody
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Single domain antibodies (dAbs) have emerged as therapeutic biologics for challenging antigens such as lipopolysachharide (LPS). The present study characterized a broadly specific LPS-neutralising dAb produced from phage display library from LPS-immunized Indian desert camel, for its sequence validation with mass spectrometry. Also, the dAb clone 26 was subjected to co-crystallisation with LPS, extracted from E. coli O6 (ATCC 25922). The mass spectrometry of dAb clone 26 was performed upon in-gel trypsin digestion, MALDI-TOF analysis of the derived peptides and sequence identification on Mascot protein identification. The co-crystallization grid screening was performed with affinity purified dAb clone 26 in complex with LPS in a hanging drop vapor diffusion set up with pH and various precipitants i.e., ammonium sulphate, PEG3350, 6000 and 8000 as variables. The sequence of dAb clone 26 was validated with the sequence coverage of 35% through mass spectrometry. The study led to further validation of dAb clone 26 for developing it as a therapeutic candidate for endotoxemia. Keywords: Endotoxin, single domain antibody, MALDI-TOF, dAb-LPS co-crystallization Cite this Article Yadav V, Singh A, Rawat J. Characterization of a Broadly Specific LPS-Neutralizing Single Domain Antibody. 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Factors Influencing the Desire to Have a Baby Among Mothers on ARV Drugs Attending the ART Clinic in Mekelle Hospital
Backgroundá¡ With the introduction of HAART there has been dramatic reduction in mortality and morbidity, quality of life has been changed and new infections have dropped markedly. Most recently fertility issue in HIV positive men and women are becoming increasingly important. Advance in treatment such as zidovudine and other drugs together with cesarean section and breast milk substitution has decreased vertical transmission to about 2%. This makes parenting a viable option in persons infected with the virus. Despite the growing importance of fertility issues for HIV infected women, little is known about their actual fertility desires and intentions.Threrfore,our study was aimed to measure the determinants that influence the fertility desire among HIV positive people who are on follow up at HIV/AIDS clinic in mekelle hospital. Material and Methodsá¡ A cross sectional study will be conducted in Mekelle hospital ART clinic. The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula and taking a P value less than 0.5 and 95 confidence interval and 5% margin of error and was found to be 364.Collected data will be analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Results: 45.9% of all respondents had desire for children. The main determinants of desire for children were found to be older age (>40) ,who have three or more children, not in relation ship and women. ART use, Income and occupation were found to have no effect on fertility. Conclusion: There was a relatively high rate of desire for children compared to studies done els where in Ethiopia and the determinants were very much different from the determinants found in othere ethiopean studies. A further research was recommended to identify possible explanations for this determinant. Keywords: Antiretroviral terapy, fertility, HIV, sociodemography Cite this Article Abadi Leul Welderufael, Hiwet Tesfay, Birhane Alem Berihu. Factors Influencing the Desire to Have a Baby Among Mothers on ARV Drugs Attending the ART Clinic in Mekelle Hospital. Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2017; 7(1): 9–17p.
Study of Homicide Cases in Barpeta, Assam
Homicide means destruction of human life by the act, agency, procurement or culpable omission of some other person(s). Killing of human being is one of the most serious and major crimes. The incidence of homicide is increasing day by day all over the world. Objective of this study was to find out the patterns of homicidal death in Barpeta district of Assam, India. It is observed that 102(9.7%) cases of total autopsies (1051) were homicidal death in the year 2014–2015. Maximum numbers of victims in homicidal death were due to sharp cutting weapon followed by blunt weapon and strangulation. Most of the victims were male (79.4%) and few victims (20.6%) were female. Majorities of victims were young adult in the age group 21–30 years. The incidence of crime was high in night than the daytime and maximum numbers of crime were found in summer and winter season. Maximum numbers of defense wounds were found in the hand and maximum injuries produced by sharp cutting weapon. The homicidal death rate was high among rural population and maximum victims from lower socio-economic groups of people. Keywords: Homicide, autopsy, sharp cutting weapon Cite this Article Manoj Kumar Singha, Mamata Devi Haloi. Study of Homicide Cases in Barpeta, Assam. Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2017; 7(1): 18–22p.
Patterns of Death Due to Cardiac Injuries in the Barpeta District of Assam
Cardiac trauma is a leading cause of death all over the world. It occurs mostly due to motor vehicular accidents. The objectives of this study was to study the demographic pattern of death due to cardiac injuries in Barpeta district of Assam, India, in the year 2014. During this period, a total number of 514 medicolegal autopsies were conducted; of which 188 were trauma-related deaths. Among this, 34 cases had cardiac injuries; 31 cases were blunt injuries; and three cases were penetrating injuries. Male outnumbered female patients. Maximum numbers of cases were found in the age group 21–30 years. Maximum number of victim was observed in unmarried persons of rural areas and lower socioeconomic group of people. Places of incidences were maximum in the streets. In maximum cases time of deaths were between 6 pm and 12 am. Fatal traumatic event in blunt cardiac injuries were maximum in road traffic injuries and penetrating injuries were maximum in stab wounds. Causes of death were maximum instantaneous and type of victim was pedestrian. In assessing cardiac trauma victims, knowledge about the demographic patterns and also the commonest sites, type of injuries, etc. as has been highlighted in the present study. Keywords: Blunt cardiac trauma, vehicular accident, stab wound Cite this Article Singha MK, Mazumder A. Patterns of Death Due to Cardiac Injuries in the Barpeta District of Assam. Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2017; 7(1): 23–27p.
Community Acceptance Towards Male Midwives in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2015/16
Cognizant to the higher maternal mortality ratio, limited access of maternal health services and scarcity of trained health professionals in developing countries including Ethiopia, unwilling to use the existing health services considering the sex of the healthcare providers poses additional challenge for maternity care. Though remained uncovered, pregnant women’s acceptance towards male midwife becomes more awful for uptake of the services provided by the health system. Hence, the current study was aimed to assess pregnant women’s acceptance for male midwife providing maternity care in Tigray region, Ethiopia. A community-based correctional study containing mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) designs were conducted from November 1–29, 2015. Multistage sampling was employed to select 605 study participants. Interviewer administered pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Trained data collectors approached the pregnant women at their home. Data were entered into EPI data version 3.1 and imported into SPSS Ver. 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables associated with acceptance of male midwives. Adjusted odds ratio at 95% confidence interval was reported and statistically significant association was declared at p-value of less than 0.05 as cutoff point. About 605 respondents participated in the study. Mean age of the respondents was 28.96 (SD= 6.3) years. Majority, 496 (82%) of the respondents reported that they would accept male midwife to provide them maternity care. Despite of this, substantial proportion of the pregnant women reported incompatibility concerns with their culture (78.2%) and religion (80%) for male midwife attendance for maternity care. The probability of accepting male midwife was higher likely among pregnant women who attained lower education (AOR=2.679, 95%CI= [1.453, 4.950]), currently unmarried (AOR=3.701, 95%CI= [1.798, 8.019]), and those who perceived their culture approval (AOR= 3.085, 95%CI, [1.38-6.86]). Despite pregnant women in Tigray tend to accept maternity assistant from a male midwife, embarrassment and perception of possible disapprovals from the religious and cultural aspects were reported. Involvement of cultural and religious leaders in strengthening mass awareness creation and information education and communication (IEC) were recommended. Keywords: Reproductive health, maternal mortality ratio, maternal health services, statistical reports Cite this Article Tsige Araya, Haftom G/hiwot, Solomon W/Mariam. Community Acceptance towards Male Midwives in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, 2015/16. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology. 2017; 7(1): 28–44p.
Cryptosporidium parvum Mediated Diarrhea in Immunocompromised Patients
Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the important diarrheal agents, especially in malnourished children and immunocompromised patients. Of the many species, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the two major species that cause water borne outbreaks. The geographic difference in the distribution of parasite has been attributed to sources and its mode of transmission. The parasite is able to survive in the environment for long time and is resistant to many disinfectants. There is correlation between CD4 count of less than 200 cells per cubic mm and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis. In immunocompromised individuals like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, the disease takes severe form. The diarrhoea is prolonged with dehydration and possible involvement of respiratory tract. Both innate and acquired immunity provide antiparasitic defence. Mucosal antibody response may be involved. Cell-mediated response and IFN-γ play a dominant role. Antimicrobial killing mechanisms include nitric oxide production and antimicrobial peptides. Acid fast staining is most commonly used method for diagnosis. Antigen detection kits are available with specificity of 93 to 100%. Nitazoxanide has been approved for treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent people. Preventive measures include protective personal and public hygienic measures. It is essential to screen potable water sources for the presence of parasite to prevent water borne outbreaks. Keywords: Cryptosporidium parvum, diarrhea, immunocompromised, immune response, laboratory diagnosis, out breaks Cite this Article Durgadas Govind Naik. Cryptosporidium parvum Mediated Diarrhea in Immunocompromised Patients. Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(3): 5–9p.
A Study of Hanging Cases in Barpeta Distrtict
Hanging is a violent form of asphyxial death. It is widely accepted as a method of suicide due to its relative painless and rapid death. The rate of suicidal hanging cases is increasing day by day. The objective of study is to find out its demographic pattern, ligature material commonly used by the victims, post-mortem findings and to identify the causative factors. In this study of hanging cases brought for autopsy of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital, Barpeta, Assam, during a period of one year from 1st January 2014 to31st December 2014, were included. Out of total 514 cases of post mortem done during one year, 124 (24.1) were hanging cases. Maximum cases 41 (33.1%) of death due to hanging were seen in age group 21–30 years. Majority of cases 82 (66.13) were males. Majority of victims have used rope (58 cases) as a ligature material. Cyanosis, salivary stain and petechial hemorrhage in brain were observed in variable number of cases. Keywords: Asphyxia, hanging, suicide Cite this Article Manoj Kumar Singha, Parthapratim Das, Arpan Mazumder. A Study of Hanging Cases in Barpeta Distrtict. Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(3): 13–16p.
Progress from the Traditional Vaccines to Novel Rational Vaccine Designs
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Vaccines are among the most valuable assets for saving human and animal lives. The vaccines discovered and designed on the Pasteurian principles laid the foundations of the traditional vaccine regime during the late-19th century. Some traditional vaccine designs proved remarkably successful, while others had safety or efficacy problems, and still others failed- particularly those against diseases caused by non-cultivable, hyper-variable or opportunist pathogens, or those requiring cellular immunity. The problems of the traditional vaccines are mainly attributed to empiricism in their design and evaluation. Rationalization is a knowledge-based solution to problems of the traditionally designed vaccines. In the 20th century, the rationalization of the traditional vaccines progressed along two main paths, firstly the ‘reductionist’ path from the whole organisms to the isolated antigens/subunits to the peptide vaccines, and secondly the ‘attenuation-refining’ path from the serial-passage attenuated to the defined and conditional mutants to the live expression vectored and chimeric vaccines. Innovative rDNA-based and other technologies, in synergy with novel insights into key concepts in immunology of antigens and epitopes, mechanistic determinants of immune responses, and markers of protection have impacted progressive rationalization of the traditional vaccine designs. A completely rational vaccine is designed with all the features to assure maximal efficacy and predictability of the immune markers-informed outcome in responders and non-responders. In the 21st century, two new approaches viz., the ‘reverse vaccinology’ and the ‘systems vaccinology’ are leading to the emerging regime of completely rational vaccines, including individualized ‘designer’ vaccines for infectious and non-infectious diseases of humans and animals. Keywords: Traditional vaccine design, reverse vaccinology, systems vaccinology, rational vaccine design Cite this Article Singh Ajit. Progress from the Traditional Vaccines to Novel Rational Vaccine Designs. 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A Study of Death Due to Poisoning in Barpeta, Assam
Suicide is a complex phenomenon. Depression, psychological stress and schizophrenic depression were the factors that influence suicide. Suicide is one of the major burdens now a days. 15 suicides took place every one hour during the year 2014. Poisoning is the second most common method of suicide adopted for suicide after hanging. In this study, all the cases of suspected poisoning brought for autopsy in the department of forensic medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta district, Assam, during the year 2014 were included. A total of 46 cases of suspected poisoning death were analyzed. In the study, male fatalities were more and maximum poisoning victims occurred in young age group (21–30 years). In this study, the aim is to evaluate incidence and pattern of poisoning in the district of Barpeta. Keywords: Suicide, poisoning, hanging Cite this Article Arpan Mazumder, Manoj Kumar Singha, P.K. Thakuria. A Study of Death Due to Poisoning in Barpeta, Assam. Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(3): 1–4p.
A Study on Demographic Patterns of Drowning Cases in the Medicolegal Autopsies
Drowning is a leading global killer. It is a serious and neglected public health threat claiming the lives of 372000 people a year worldwide. In Barpeta district of Assam, drowning cases were relatively more because water resources are in abundance. The objective of study is to find out the demographic pattern and to identify the causative factors. In the study, drowning cases brought for autopsy in the FAAMCH, Barpeta, during a period of one year from Jan 1st 2014 to Dec 31st 2014 were considered. Out of total 514 cases post mortem done during the study period, 54 (10.5%) were drowning cases. Majority of cases 40 (74.1%) were males. Most of the victims were in the age group 21–30 years. Keywords: Drowning, suicide, autopsy Cite this Article Manoj Kumar Singha, Pradip Kumar Thakuria, Arpan Mazumder. A Study on Demographic Patterns of Drowning Cases in the Medico Legal Autopsies. Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(3): 10–12p.
A Single-domain Antibody Cross-reacts with Lipopolysaccharide from Diverse Gram-negative Bacteria
Gram-negative bacterial sepsis and endotoxemia are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in animals and humans worldwide, and attempts have continued to design rational therapies. Endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-neutralizing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been produced, but are not free from problems. Single-domain antibodies (dAbs), constructed from the camelid and the shark ‘heavy chain antibodies’ by phage display technology possess favorable features for in vivo applications. The objective of this study was to test cross-reactivity of a dAb clone with LPS from five genera of G-ve bacteria. The most suitable of several LPS-binding dAb clones selected from a previously constructed phage display library of the LPS-immunized Indian desert camel, viz., dAb clone 26 (dAb Cl26) was used in the present study. LPS was extracted and purified from E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp. and Pasteurella multocida B:2. The dAb Cl26 was expressed with C-terminal 6xHis tag in VHH-pET303/BL21(DE3) expression system under IPTG induction. The expression of 17 kDa dAb.6xHis Cl26 in whole cell lysate was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and the His-tag-specific immunoblotting and direct ELISA. The dAb.6xHis Cl26 was purified by Ni-chelate chromatography under denaturing conditions. After renaturation, the clone bound to lipid A and LPS from five genera in indirect ELISA. In conclusion, dAb Cl26 specifically bound to lipid A and exhibited cross-reactive binding to LPS from diverse bacteria. Keywords: Antigenic cross-reactivity, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, single-domain antibody, phage display library Cite this Article Banerjee S, Singh A. A Single-domain Antibody Cross-reacts with Lipopolysaccharide from Diverse Gram-negative Bacteria. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(2): 29–37p.
Chromotherapy for Disease Treatment: A Review
Color is light and energy. Color is calm, optimism, love, unique and relax. Color therapy also known as chromo therapy) is a type of holistic healing that uses the visible spectrum of light and color to affect a person’s mood and physical or mental health. It is best used as supportive therapy along with other natural method of prevention Such as; correct diet, adequate rest and relaxation, yoga, exercise, etc. Basically colors are differentiated in to primary colors and secondary colors in color therapy. The body works as a unit. The therapist work with the person’s holistically to alleviate issues on the physical, emotional, and mental levels simultaneously to bring about balance among them. Simultaneously, this article deals with the personality associated with each color, their effect on physical and mental health and how this color therapy can be effectively used to alleviate different physical and mental (emotional) illness. Keywords: Color, color therapy, chromotherapy, physical health and mental (emotional) health Cite this Article Kavitha B. Chromotherapy for Disease Treatment: A Review. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(2): 38–42p.
New Topics in Serum Copeptin Levels in Hypertension: Is There an Interrelation with Inflammatory Biomarkers?
This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the link between serum copeptin (Cop) levels and hypertension is related to low grade of inflammation and atherosclerosis indices. This observational cross section study was done in the Department of Biology, College of Science at the University of Al-Mustansiriya in Baghdad, Iraq. A total number of 18 healthy subjects (Group I) and 66 patients (Group II) were enrolled in this study. Patients who were on the antihypertensive medications and have a blood pressure of < 140 mmHg (systolic) and < 90 mmHg (diastolic) were considered controlled hypertension (Group IIA), patients who were on the antihypertensive medications and have a blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg (systolic) and < 90 mmHg (diastolic) were considered as isolated hypertension (Group IIB) and patients who were on the antihypertensive medications and have a blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg (systolic) and ≥90 mmHg (diastolic) were considered as uncontrolled hypertension (Group IIC). The following determinants were measured: blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, fasting serum lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum copeptin (Cop) levels, and the monocytes number to high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (M/HDL-c) ratio was calculated. Our results showed thatsignificant differences were observed in the demographic characteristics between studied. Forty (60.6%) hypertensive patients were positively reacted to CRP test (> 6 mg/L). The mean ± SD of M/HDL-c ratio were significantly (P<0.001) lower in Group IIB (6.7±3.0) compared with Group I (8.2±3.1). The mean value of serum (Cop) of Group IIA (171.4 ng/L) was non-significantly (P>0.05) higher than Group I (127.5 ng/L), Group IIB (102.3 ng/L) and Group IIC (131.8 ng/L). There was a non-significant association between positive reaction of CRP and the mean values of serum (Cop) in group II patients as well as non-significant (P>0.05) correlations between serum (Cop) levels with M/HDL-c ratio were observed in Group I (r = -0.107), Group IIA (r = -0.025), Group IIB (r = -0.119) and Group IIC (r = +0.022). We conclude that the alterations of serum (Cop) levels in hypertension do not show significant association with CRP or correlations with M/HDL-c ratio as inflammatory markers. Keywords: Hypertension, copeptin, C-reactive protein, lipid profile, monocytes number to high density lipoprotein ratio Cite this Article Marwan S.M. Al-Nimer, Majid M. Mahmood, Rawia M. Al-Nuaemy. New Topics in Serum Copeptin Levels in Hypertension: Is There an Interrelation with Inflammatory Biomarkers? Research & Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(2): 20–28p.
Assessment of Animal Trials Conducted on Protectivity of Potential Sub-unit and Recombinant Vaccines against Pasteurella multocida B:2
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Haemorrhagic septicaemia, caused by Pasteurella multocida serotypes B:2 and E:2, is an acute, fatal and septicaemic disease of bovines occurring as catastrophic epizootics in most tropical regions of Asia and Africa. As chemotherapeutic treatment of P. multocida infections is expensive and ineffective, prevention of disease outbreaks following immunization is the most potent tool. Although, various vaccine formulations as alum precipitated, oil adjuvant, multiple emulsion and live attenuated vaccines are currently used in the field for the prevention of disease, the ideal vaccine with better protection and long-lasting immunity is indispensable. In the present era of recombinant technology, various sub-units and recombinant vaccines have been trialed for the development of safe and efficacious vaccines. In the present review, we have assessed the immunization trials conducted in bovines as well as laboratory animals for the protectivity of several sub-unit and recombinant vaccine formulations against P. multocida B:2 using different routes of immunization and challenge. The sub-unit vaccines using outer membrane proteins (OMP) as immunogen in normal or iron-deficient conditions have been found quite protective as compared to other sub-unit immunogens. Among the recombinant OMP vaccines, rOmp87 in Freund’s adjuvant, rOmpH and rVacJ in higher concentration with adjuvant and rTbpA fragment number 1 showed higher protection in challenge studies. AroA mutant vaccines showed significant level of protection in trials where immunization and challenge route was same. A DNA vaccine expressing tbpA has also been trialled in mice showing higher protection when combined with interleukins. Keywords: Animal Trials, haemorrhagic septicaemia, Pasteurella multocida, recombinant, sub-unit vaccines Cite this Article Kharab and Charan. Assessment of Animal Trials Conducted on Protectivity of Potential Sub-unit and Recombinant Vaccines against Pasteurella multocida B:2. 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Transmission, Immune Response, and Immunomodulation in Giardiasis
Giardiasis is a major public health problem at least in terms of morbidity in many geographical areas of the world. There are regional pockets in developing countries where prevalence rate of giardiasis is much higher than other parasitic diseases. The prevalence of Giardia intestinalis in symptomatic diarrhoeal cases vary from place to place and also from time to time. The overall prevalence generally ranges from 2 to 57% and mainly occurs in children of socioeconomically backward group in developing countries. The patients, carriers, foodhandlers, water bodies, fruits and vegetables are the major sources of parasite. The cyst form of the parasites survives for many weeks in water. Recently, giardiasis is also known for its zoonotic transmission potential. Non-specific immune response of nitric oxide, mast cells and dendritic cells are the primary defence mechanisms against Giardia. Both specific and nonspecific immune response play major role in control of infection. Further investigations are required to understand the mechanisms involved in immunomodulation that results in minimal inflammation and asymptomatic cases. A number of studies recommended that the food handlers must be screened for the presence of parasites. Although drug resistance is not a major issue, the mixed infections especially in immune-compromised patients pose problems in treating infection. In addition to microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic tests are recommended to be used in the laboratory diagnosis. Personal and public hygiene play important role in the prevention. Mass deworming programs for children in child care centres and primary school are the possible measures in the areas where prevalence rate is high. Keywords: Giardia intestinalis, immunomodulation, zoonotic transmission, immunity, drug resistance, metronidazole Cite this Article Durgadas Govind Naik. Transmission, Immune response, and Immunomodulation in Giardiasis. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(2): 13–19p.
Role of Human Neutrophils in Inflammation and its Modulation by Ixora coccinea
Neutrophils are one of the key cells that actively participate in the innate immune reactions. Sequences of event of pathogen elimination by neutrophils are initiated with the activation of resting neutrophils. Pathogen is then eliminated by oxygen-dependent killing mechanism or oxygen-independent killing mechanism. This process includes margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and degranulation of neutrophils. Although, these mechanisms of the neutrophils are targeted to eliminate the pathogens and protect the body, excessive production of inflammatory mediators can cause host tissue damage. These harmful effects of neutrophils initiate some detrimental diseases like arthritis. Therefore, different drugs which can modulate the neutrophil functions are used in the medicinal practices as targeted therapy. From the ancient time, medicinal plant extracts have been used in traditional medicine in many different regions of the world to achieve the same effect. Ixora coccinea is one such medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseased conditions and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Modulation of neutrophil function is one of an important underlying mechanism that contributes to the anti-inflammatory activity of Ixora coccinea. Keywords: Ixora coccinea, super oxide production, anti-inflammation, phagocytes, oxygen-dependent killing, chemotaxis Cite this Article N.K. Rachitha D. Wickramasinghe and Shiroma M. Handunnetti. Role of Human Neutrophils in Inflammation and its Modulation by Ixora coccinea. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(1): 32–48p.
Client Satisfaction and its Associated Factors towards Maternal and Child Health Services in Mekelle Health Centers, Ethiopia, 2015
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> The health of the mother and child constitutes one of the most serious health problems affecting the community, particularly in the developing countries. Client satisfaction is fundamental for further improvement of quality of health care delivery system in general and maternal and child health care services in particular. However, studies on the level of client satisfaction with maternal and child health care service are lacking. So, the purpose of this study is to assess level of satisfaction and associated factors among women receiving maternal and child health care service at health centers in Mekelle town. Facility based cross sectional study was employed among 422 mothers in Mekelle public health institutions from July 2014 to October 2015. Systematic sampling technique was used to select respondents. Data was collected using structured interview questionnaire and entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPPS version 20.0 statically package software. 183(44%) of the participants were satisfied with maternal and child health services. Level of education [AOR=2.33; 95% CI: [1.53–3.54], awareness towards service [AOR=1.77; 95%CI: 1.16–2.71], occupation [AOR=2.85; 95%CI: 1.55–5.25] and care provider [AOR=0.05; 95%CI: 0.00–0.32] had statistically significant association with level of satisfaction. Literacy affected satisfaction in an inverse way. With increasing literacy, satisfaction appeared to be decreasing. This study demonstrated that client satisfaction of participants towards maternal and child health care services was low. Awareness, educational level and care provider were the variables associated with client satisfaction. Therefore, the investigator recommends that client feedback should be recognized as a legitimate method of evaluating quality of health services in each and every health center as a whole. Keywords: MCH service, satisfaction, client, health center, Ethiopia Cite this Article Haftom Gebrehiwot, Alemayehu Bayray, Ashenafi Damte et al. Client Satisfaction and its Associated Factors towards Maternal and Child Health Services in Mekelle Health Centers, Ethiopia, 2015. 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Assessment of hygienic practice on complementary food among mothers with 6-24 months age living young children in Mohoni town, north estern, Ethiopia, 2015.
Background: Timely introduction of appropriate Complementary foods promotes good nutritional status and growth in infants and young children. Inadequate sanitary conditions and poor hygiene practices play major roles in the increased burden of communicable disease within developing countries. Inadequate food hygiene is considered to be one of the major contributor’s todiarrhea. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess awareness and hygienic practices on complementary food among mothers with 6-24 months children in Mohoni town north eastern Ethiopia. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Mohoni town on north estern part of Ethiopia, on awareness and hygienic practice among mothers with 6-24 months age living young children on complementary food from 5 March to June 14 2015 on 198 study participants by using simple random sampling technique. Data was collected through structured questionnaire and was entered through EPI version and then was analyzed by SPSS version 16. Result :Out of the total 198 study subjects planned, 198 study subjects were interviewed giving a response rate of 100%. The mean age of the respondents (mothers) were 23.9 year with standard deviation of 4.85 and the mean age of the children were 13.2 month with standard deviation of 5.36. The majority 158(79.9%) of respondents were orthodox followers. Out of 198 children whose age group 6-24 months ,174(87.9%) children were started complementary food. Conclusion and Recommendations: The finding of the study showed that mothers had moderate knowledge towards awareness and hygienic practice on complementary food. To Mohoni health beauro and Mohoni health extension workers : it is better to provide health education for mothers for further awareness on hygienic practice while preparing complementary Keywords: hygine; complomenatry food, Mohoni
Knowledge and Practice of Nurses on Emergency Triage at Casualty Department of Tikur Anbessa Specialized and St. Paul Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Survey
The hospital emergency department is one of the most important components of health care delivery system. All patients arriving for emergency care needed to be assessed and classified to prioritize those who have the most urgent medical problems and are in need of an immediate care. There is a consensus that triage is an essential procedure in EDs, and is an effective system for reducing the waiting times and ensuring patents to receive appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of nurses on emergency triage of TASH and SPH hospitals. Hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Samples were selected based on working site using purposive sampling technique. The data was collected through structured self-administered questionnaire. Then analyzed, and interpreted by using software. A total of 55 nurses were included, the educational status, 25 (50%) have BSc degree, 21 (42%) have diploma certificate and 4 (8%) have master degree. Of these 20 (40%) had worked in triage room for at least 6 months. The response of nurses 9 (38.4%) were very good knowledge and experience, and similarly, the level of practicing, the average score 31 (57.28) were practicing frequently. The nurses in this study 25 (50%) had bachelor degree and 21 (42%) had diploma certificate, and those who were assigned at triage 20 (40%) had low triage experience, below 6 months. Their triage knowledge and training experience were at low level, 19 (38.2%) and 27 (54%) respectively whereas their triage experience were 31 (57.2%) at moderate level. Therefore, the nursing practice in EDs should include triage activities. Nursing administrators should be concerned to improve the triage skill. Keywords: Triage, knowledge, practice, education, hospitals, survey Cite this Article Emishaw S and Girma F. Knowledge and Practice of Nurses on Emergency Triage at Casualty Department of Tikur Anbessa Specialized and St. Paul Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Survey. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(1): 12–20p.
Mothers Practice and Associated Factors on Kangaroo Mother Care, in Mekelle City Hospitals Tigray, North Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a special way of holding low birth weight, preterm and hypothermic babies with skin-to-skin contact between the mother and the newborn in a position like a kangaroo. Most neonatal units in the world do not has appropriate space and material to offer a comfort to mothers providing a continuous KMC. In Ethiopia, KMC has not expanded as broadly as we hoped. To assess the practice and associated factors of mothers on kangaroo mother care practice at Mekelle hospitals, Northern Ethiopia. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted by using systematic random sampling technique to select 109 mothers. The data was entered, cleaned and coded using Epi-Data version 3.1. Binary logistic regression was used with stata version 12 to test the association between dependent and independent variables. 31(30.10%) women were educated and 29(28.16%) were unable to read and write. Few variables were significantly associated with KMC practice. Those were family support during KMC practice (AOR= 0.010; CI: 0.002, 0.069), problem on KMC practices (AOR= 0.051; CI: 0.003, 0.995) and challenge in health care institutions (AOR= 0.025; CI: 0.002, 0.323) with this factors only 36.2% of mothers practicing KMC. This study analyzed the important factors at health care institution and family which have impacts in the implementation of KMC. The study area was identified with low KMC practice which accounts 36.2% and those identified factors were challenge in the health care institutions, lack of support from mother’s own mother and problems related to KMC practices. Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) and Hospital manager work together with different stake holders to fulfill gaps related to KMC practice including infrastructure. Keywords: Mekelle hospitals, Ethiopia, KMC, LBW, practice, preterm, health care institution Cite this Article Solomon Emishaw, Fiseha, Hailemariam Berhie et al. Mothers Practice and Associated Factors on Kangaroo Mother Care, in Mekelle City Hospitals Tigray, North Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2016; 6(1): 21–31p.
Validation of Child Care Clinic Health Data Reported Under Health Management Information System by the Primary Health Centres of Rural Vadodara, Gujarat
Primary child health care is a part of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH). The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a single, integrated, algorithmic and effective approach for managing childhood illness—the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI)—which can be applied at frontline centers. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to study the child health care data reported by the primary health centre/ subcentre (PHC/SC) and validate them at the village level. A sample of 20 PHCs (13 rural and 7 tribal) was selected using stratified random sampling. For every PHC, two SCs and for every SC, one village were selected. Data on child care clinic were collected from the PHC/SC records and validated by interviewing five beneficiaries from the village. Process evaluation of child health care session was done wherever possible to assess quality of care. The district availability of child health care was 4.4%. Adjusted utilization for the district was 3.1%. Adjusted adequate coverage for the district was 3.1%. Effective coverage, adjusted for quality of care, for the district was 1.3%. The gap between the reported and validated data ranged from 15–51% of the reported data. Keywords: child care clinic, validation, health management information system (HMIS), primary health care Cite this Article Patel S, Bakshi H, Zalvadiya D et al. Validation of Child Care Clinic Health Data Reported Under Health Management Information System by the Primary Health Centres of Rural Vadodara, Gujarat. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2015; 5(3): 14–22p.
Immunologic Characteristics of Apparently Healthy Nigerians Exhibiting Abnormal SPE: A Preliminary Study
Abnormal serum protein electrophoresis patterns have been discovered in apparently healthy Africans in Britain and Ghanaians living in Accra, Ghana. Conflicting reasons were suggested for this phenomenon. The aim of present study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) abnormalities in apparently healthy Nigerians living in Ogbomoso. Three hundred (300) apparently healthy subjects aged 20–30 years were selected for the study. SPE was performed on cellulose acetate gel in barbital buffer (pH 8.8) at 20 V/cm for 25 min. The separated protein fractions were fixed in 5% acetic acid and visualized with ponceau S stain. Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations were determined using radial immunodifussion method. Six percent (6%) of the subjects exhibited high gamma globulin (γ-globulin) band with features consistent with chronic inflammation. The phenomenon appeared to be associated with age but not statistically significant (p=0.28). Serum concentration (mean ± SEM) of IgG (20.9±1.39 mg/ml) in subjects with elevated γ-globulin band was higher than that in subjects exhibiting normal SPE pattern (17.1±0.93 mg/ml), although not statistically significant (p=0.06). Serum concentrations of IgA and IgM were essentially the same in both the groups (p=0.79 and p=0.12; respectively). Since chronic antigenic stimulation results in γ-globulin expression, impaired cellular immune responses is speculated in apparently healthy subjects exhibiting abnormal SPE. Keywords: Protein electrophoresis, hypergammaglobulinaemia, serum immunoglobulins, cellular immune responses Cite this Article Adedeji AL, Faniran OG, Olawoye TL. Immunologic Characteristics of Apparently Healthy Nigerians Exhibiting Abnormal SPE: A Preliminary Study. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2015; 5(3): 1–6p.
Partograph: An Essential Tool for Midwives to Manage Labor at Public Health Institutions in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:DoNotShowPropertyChanges /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /> <w:Word11KerningPairs /> <w:CachedColBalance /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val=" " /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> Abstract A partograph is a graphical presentation of a woman’s progress of labour. Once the woman has true signs of labour and reaches active first stage of labor, the midwife initiates the use of the partograph to record her findings. Prolonged labor; mainly due to cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD), which may result in obstructed labor, maternal dehydration, ruptured uterus, obstetric fistulae, fetal asphyxia, fetal brain damage, infection and death of both mother and neonate. Among the cost effective interventions, partograph is one of the best effective, pragmatic midwifery tool for monitoring labor and prevent prolonged or obstructed labor which accounts for about 22% of maternal deaths in Ethiopia. Partograph thus serves as an ‘early warning system and assists in early decision on transfer, or intervention. The objective of the study was to assess determinants of partograph utilization among obstetric care givers at public health institutions in Tigray region. A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted from October/2015 to June/2015 among 233 obstetric care givers at Tigray region. Stratified sampling technique was employed by stratifying all public health institutions and from all public hospitals, five hospitals; and from all health centers, 35 health centers were selected by simple random sampling technique. The total sample size of the study was distributed over each of the institute proportional to their size. And the required number of study subjects were selected randomly from each health facility. Data was entered and cleaned using Epi-info version 3.5.1, and was analyzed using SPSS window version 20 software. Both bivariate and multivariate analysis with 95% CI was applied to avoid any confounding variables. Finally, the results were presented in texts, tables and graphs. Knowledge about the partograph was fair: 156 (53.4%) of all the respondents correctly answered above the median value of the total questions of partograph components. The study showed that, 167 (57.4%) of the obstetric care givers at public health institutions reportedly utilized modified WHO partograph to monitor progress of labor and condition of both the mother and fetus. Those who had previous obstetric training were 2.1 time more likely to have fair knowledge of the partograph than others (AOR=2.1, 95% CI=(1.3, 3.7)). A significant percentage of obstetric care givers had fair knowledge of the modified WHO partograph. Presence of prior training, participants’ sex and profession were the variables that had influenced the level of knowledge of the partograph and obstetric care. Thus, periodic on-job training regarding the partograph should be provided to all obstetric care providers and regular supportive supervision is also needed to motivate staffs to utilize the modified WHO partograph and help them become dedicated to record and document their findings. Keywords: Child birth, parthograph, utilization, knowledge, obstetric care provider Cite this Article Haftom Gebrehiwot, Samson Mulugeta, Tsige Araya, et al. Partograph: an essential tool for midwives to manage labor at public health institutions in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. 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Pathogenesis, Immune Response and Vaccine Development in Amoebiasis
Worldwide, approximately fifty million cases of invasive E histolytica disease occur each year and resulting in more than 100,000 deaths. It is the second leading cause of mortality due to a protozoan parasitic infection after malaria. Entamoeba histolytica infection is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in the form of intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebiasis especially in developing countries. Recent molecular studies have conclusively proved that there are morphologically similar species of Entamoeba. Of these, Entamoeba histolytica is pathogenic and invasive, where as E. dispar and E. moshkovskii are non-pathogenic and non-invasive. There is a degree of controversy about pathogenic potential of E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. The extraordinary phagocytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites has been accepted as one of the virulence mechanisms responsible for their invasive capacity. The genetic, environmental and nutritional factors may influence the host susceptibility to amoebiasis. The parasite has a number of virulence factors and evasive mechanisms to counter immunity of host. Trophozoites secrete proteases enzymes to degrade extracellular matrix to invade the intestinal layers. A safe and effective vaccine for amoebiasis could drastically reduce morbidity and mortality. Studies indicate vaccines directed against Gal-lectin as the most promising and effective. Immunity that generates a strong intestinal humoral antibody IgA response would prevent the parasite colonization and subsequent intestinal invasion. Immunity to reinfection caused by heterologous species would be a challenge in vaccine production. Although some of the vaccines are tested in animal models, there is a need for clinical trials to prove its efficiency in humans. At present, in the absence of safe and effective vaccine, other control and prevention measures take prime spot. Keywords: Entamoeba histolytica, amoebiasis, amoebic liver abscess, immunity, dysentery, immune response, vaccine, pathogenesis, Entamoeba dispar, Gal-lectin Cite this Article Durgadas Govind Naik. Pathogenesis, immune response and vaccine development in amoebiasis. Research and Reviews: Journal of Immunology. 2015; 5(3): 30–35p.