Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology (RRJoT): is an international web based Journal focused towards the publication of current research work carried out under Toxicology. Focus and Scope Covers Automatism (Toxicology) Ecotoxicology and Entomotoxicology Environmental Toxicology Enzyme Inhibition Forensic Toxicology Toxicity and Toxicogenomics Vitro Toxicology
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Recent Trends of Violent Asphyxial Deaths in Barpeta, Assam
Asphyxial death is a common incident in forensic practice and determination of the manner of death whether suicidal, homicidal or accidental is of utmost significance. This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta, Assam, India. A total of 89 cases of violent asphyxial deaths occurred during the period of 1st January to 31st December 2016 were studied. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate and assess various parameters and sociodemographic profile of violent asphyxial deaths in and around Barpeta area, Assam, India. Keywords: Violent asphyxial deaths, suicide, homicide, forensic practice Cite this Article Ahmed F, Singha MK. Recent Trends of Violent Asphyxial Deaths in Barpeta, Assam. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2017; 7(2): 1–5p.
Thymoquinone Induces Epigenetic Modulation in ROS Dependent Manner
Traditional drugs have the ability to treat broad range of diseases by modulating the signaling pathways of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Epigenetic modulation is also one of the mechanisms already established as a process of action. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition leads to changes in gene expression promoting cell death. Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive compound from Nigella sativa seeds has shown to have an antineoplastic effect in many cancers. Here we have investigated HDAC inhibiting potential of TQ. It was observed that (TQ) inhibits the cell viability of HeLa and HepG2 cell lines in concentration dependent manner. It is able to enhanced the total oxidative species in both the cell lines. TQ treatment also causes a loss in mitochondrial membrane potential. The analysis of protein expression of HDAC1 and has shown a decrease in the level of HDAC1 and increase in the p21expression that confirming its ability to induce epigenetic modulation. Keywords: Thymoquinone, Epigenetic, ROS, Mitochondrial membrane potential Cite this Article Saad Mustafa, Jogendra Singh Pawar, Ilora Ghosh. Thymoquinone Induces Epigenetic Modulation in ROS Dependent Manner. Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2017; 7(1): 32–39p.
A Study of Allege Rape Cases in Barpeta District, Assam
Sexual violence regarded as a global problem, not only in the geographical sense but also in terms of age and sex. This study was carried out in the dept. of Forensic Medicine, FAAMCH, Barpeta, ASSAM. A total 580 alleged rape cases coming for examination from different part of Barpeta district of Assam in the year 2014 and 2015 were studied and data were analyzed. Male victims were only 2(0.3%) and others (99.7%) were female. Maximum numbers (36.4%) of victims were age group between 11 to 20 years. The study highlights the trend of sexual violence in this locality with respect to socio-demographic characteristics, relation between accused and victims etc. Keywords: Toxicology, sexual violence, global problem, legal medicine, forensic evidences
A Study of Cramio-Facial Injuries in Medico-Legal Autopsies
Injury to the cranium and face is a common finding in medico-legal autopsies. Blunt trauma to the cranium is most frequently caused by road traffic accidents, assaults, falls from height and also from impacts by machineries. However, road traffic accidents accounts for the commonest occurrence of cranio-facial injuries. International labour organization 1994 estimated that nearly 2 lacks workers die annually and 1200 lacks are injured. Studies of traumatic cranial injuries at NIMHANS reveal that falls are the second leading cause of deaths and injuries contributing to 20–30 % of total traumatic brain injury. (This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Gauhati Medical College upon the cases brought for medico-legal autopsy during the period of 1st March 2016 to 28th February 2017. A total of 200 cases were randomly selected for the study out of the cranio-facial injury cases. Keywords: Cranio- Facial injury, autopsy, blunt trauma
Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Glutathione in the Detoxification of Free Radicals
The aging process and disease progression are the result of cellular damage by free radicals. Our first lines of defense against free radical damage are the antioxidants. They are critical for keeping optimal health and wellbeing. The need for antioxidants becomes more critical with increased exposure to free radicals. Pollution, drugs, cigarette smoke, illness, stress, and even exercise can increase free radical exposure. The accumulation of free radicals produced from different types of exposures and physiological processes is termed as oxidative stress. The free radical scavenger antioxidants may prevent the oxidative stress by peroxidation, inhibiting free radicals and also by other mechanisms. Intracellular antioxidant enzymes and dietary antioxidant intake may help to maintain sufficient antioxidant status in the body. Antioxidants can decrease the oxidative damage directly via reacting with free radicals or indirectly by inhibiting the activity or expression of free radical generating enzymes or enhancing the activity or expression of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most well-known antioxidants which can be obtained exogenously from the diet or supplements or endogenously from de novo synthesis primarily in the liver. The intracellular content of GSH is a balance between depletion/breakdown and replenishment/synthesis. The aim of this review is to update the current approaches to study properties and mechanisms of action of endogenous and exogenous GST with emphasis on the chemical and biological systems. Keywords: Antioxidants, free radicals, oxidative stress, glutathione Cite this Article Mulata HN. Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Glutathione in the Detoxification of Free Radicals. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2017; 7(1): 1–14p.
Gossypetin Inhibits ROS Generation in HeLa and HepG2 Cell Lines
Antioxidants are known for their ability to neutralize the reactive oxygen species present within the living system. These antioxidants are mainly secondary metabolites present in plant products and are generally known as nutraceuticals or bioactive compounds. Antioxidant can be categorized into many categories based upon their structure and activities like flavonoids, anthrocyanins and carotenoids. Flavonoids are heterogeneous polyphenolic compounds having beneficiary effect on human body and are also known to counteract in conditions like atherosclerosis and other heart conditions. Gossypetin is a hexahydroxyflavone, isolated originally from Hibiscus species and is known to exhibit anti-atherosclerotic potential and anti-microbial properties. In the present study, we have analyzed the antioxidant property of Gossypetin. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed 50% reduction at 40 μM concentration of Gossypetin. Here as for the first time, we have studied the antioxidant activity of Gossypetin in HeLa and HepG2 cell line which is found to inhibit total ROS to 50% at the concentration above 50 μM. Gossypetin did not elicit any cytotoxic effect in both HeLa and HepG2 cell line in dose and time dependent manner,as evident by no changes in the morphology of HeLa cell. Immunoblot analysis in Gossypetin treated HeLa cell revealed the higher expression of NFκB and reduction in the level of caspase-3 confirming its anti-oxidative property. Keywords: Antioxidant, Gossypetin, ROS, HepG2, HeLa, oxidative stress Cite this Article Jogendra Singh Pawar, Saad Mustafa, Ilora Ghosh. Gossypetin Inhibits ROS Generation in HeLa and HepG2 Cell Lines. Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2017; 7(1): 25–31p.
Effects of Smoking on Respiratory System
Smoking is whispered to exacerbate respiratory diseases by harming respiratory defense mechanisms. Specifically, smoking damages mucociliary function, which impairs clearance of inhaled substances even in smokers who have no respiratory symptoms promotes bacterial adherence to airway epithelial cells. The devastating health impact of cigarette smoking is well known, Cigarette and its components produce structural changes in the respiratory tract include peri-bronchiolar inflammation and fibrosis, augmented mucosal permeability, destruction of the mucociliary clearance, changes in pathogen adherence, and interruption of the respiratory epithelium. Components of cigarette smoke, including acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrolein, free radicals formed from chemical reactions within the cigarette smoke, and nitric oxide which add to the observed structural alterations in the airway epithelial cells. Smoke directly compromises the integrity of this physical obstruction, augments the permeability of the epithelium and impairs mucociliary clearance. Cigarette smoke has been shown to affect a wide range of host defense mechanisms. Smoking appears to be a risk factor for the acquisition of a number of different pulmonary infections. This link is likely mediated by smoking’s adverse effects on respiratory defenses. The truth that smokers have revealed to be less likely than nonsmokers to undergo vaccination and yet are probably at higher risk for influenzal and pneumococcal infections highlights the importance of targeting this group for vaccination. Physicians should educate their smoking patients about their increased risk of infections, the significance of suitable vaccinations, and the profit of smoking termination.
In Vivo and In Vitro Antioxidative Efficacy of Naringenin on Cadmium -Induced Toxicity in Rats
The aim of the study was to investigate the in vivo circulating antioxidants level such as vitamin C, vitamin E and GSH in Cadmium (Cd) induced toxic rats and the protective efficacy of naringenin via in vitro free radical scavenging assays. In this investigation cadmium chloride (5 mg/kg body weight (b.w) was administered orally (p.o) for 28 days to induce toxicity. Naringenin was pre-administered orally (50 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days with cadmium chloride. The toxic effect of cadmium was indicated by significantly decreased activities of non-enzymatic antioxidants like reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E. Treatment with naringenin exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in Cd-induced rats. The free radical scavenging properties of naringenin were investigated with different in vitro methods such as 2, 2¢-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS•+), hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion scavenging activity and reducing power. In addition to that ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyl toluene was used as the reference antioxidant radical scavenger compounds. Among the different concentration, 500 μM of naringenin had significantly effective compared to other concentration in all in vitro assay. Based on these findings naringenin possess potent in vivo and in vitro antioxidant efficacy and also effective free radical scavenger, augmenting its therapeutic value.
Alteration in Metabolic Enzymes of Albino Rats under Cadmium Stress and their Modulation by Mentha Piperita
Cadmium is a heavy metal posing severe risks to human health without any physiological function in the human body. Cadmium is found regularly in soil, rocks and ores, thus natural exposure is an important aspect, but increasing industrial application has put it in the category of bio-hazardous metals. Anticorrosive agents, stabilizer in PVC products, colour pigments, neutron-absorber in nuclear power plants, the fabrication of nickel-cadmium batteries and Phosphate fertilizers carry a big cadmium load. Industrialization and pollution are leading contamination to higher ranges. Although WHO has decided maximum permissible limit as 0.005 mg/L, but affected areas have groundwater cadmium content far away from this standard. The present study has been designed to estimate the toxic effects of cadmium at the level of metabolic enzymes in albino rats and ameliorative potential of Mentha piperita against it. The LD50 of cadmium was estimated to be 88 mg/kg body weight and sub-lethal doses has been calculated as per this standard. Exposure to sublethal doses of cadmium significantly increases the level of hepatic transaminases (AST, ALT), phosphatases (ALP, ACP) and dehydrogenase (LDH). Treatment with Mentha (500 mg/kg body weight) following cadmium intoxication significantly reduced the enzyme levels to normalcy, exerting its potential as a future remedial agent against heavy metal toxicity.
Paraphenylenediamine Poisoning: A Review of Literature
Any substance dangerous to living organisms when either applied internally or externally, destroy the action of vital functions or prevent the continuance of life is known as poison. Cosmetics, medicines, and other household items could lead to a serious poisoning if accidently consumed by children. The home environment is the primary location of most poisonings, with over 90% of reported poisonings occurring at home. Most non-fatal poisonings occur in children younger than six years of age. Paraphenylenediamine (< 4%), resorcinol, propylene glycol, liquid paraffin, cetostearyl alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, EDTA sodium, herbal extracts, preservatives, and perfumes. Paraphenylene diamine and resorcinol are known toxicants with multi-organ effects, while the toxicity profiles of others are not known. It causes systemic toxicity, manifested by severe edema of neck and face and laryngeal edema with respiratory distress frequently requiring emergency tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation. It also causes rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, culminating in death if not treated aggressively. The controlled supervision over trading of hair dye is necessary to stop Paraphenylenediamine poisoning. We recommend that the selling of hair dye containing PPD should be controlled and public education programme should be initiated in this regard.
Study of Road Traffic Accident (RTA) Fatalites Coming for Autopsy in FAAMCH, Barpeta, Assam
Analysis of fatal road traffic accident cases in medico-legal autopsies, present study was conducted in the department of forensic medicine, FAAMC, Barpeta Assam from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015. The study was undertaken upon 210 victims of road traffic accident cases, who died due to various injuries, and were autopsied at Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College. Most of the accidents occurred in the afternoon hours and there was male dominance. Most affected age group was 21–30 years and two wheeler occupants were most commonly involved. Head injury is the most common causes of death. Keywords: Road traffic accident, injury, two wheelers, death Cite this Article Manoj Kumar Singha, Pradip Kumar Thakuria, Parthapratim Das, et al. Study of Road Traffic Accident (RTA) Fatalites Coming for Autopsy in FAAMCH, Barpeta, Assam. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(3): 30–33p.
Toxicological Effect of Khat (Catha edulis) in Male Reproductive System
In this project paper, databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Hinary and Google search, were systematically searched for literature on the different aspects of Catha edulis (Khat) to synthesize, review, and present various research publications on the toxicology to document the effect of khat consumption on the histology and function of male reproductive system. The euphoric effects have been demonstrated to arise from the main constituent, (-)-S cathinone. Detailed studies on the effects of khat on reproduction are lacking. However, the limited available data reveal that chewing of khat has a negative impact on human reproductive health. The effect of khat increased, as exposure of khat and time of exposure increased. Several studies revealed that experimental animals treated with the higher dose of khat show histopathological alterations in both, the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues with decreased semen quality, sperm concentration, level of testosterone and exhibited sign of pyknosis in some nuclei of spermatogonia, degeneration of primary spermatocytes and hypoplasia of interstitial tissue, many seminiferous tubules were severely damaged. In chronic chewers, sperm count, sperm volume and sperm motility were decreased; in addition to this, deformed spermatozoa have been found in daily khat users, with different patterns including head and flagella malformations in complete spermatozoa, flagellate heads, headless flagella, and multiple heads and flagella. Keywords: Khat, flagella cathinone, Catha edulis, impotence, testosterone, spermatogenesis, libido Cite this Article Adhanom Gebreslassie Berhe. Toxicological Effect of Khat (Catha edulis) in Male Reproductive System. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(3): 13–18p.
Levels of Some Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Selected Cereals Marketed at Holeta City, Ethiopia
Cereals are the most commonly and widely used sources of food in Ethiopia; hence determining the nutrient contents has a vital importance for the health of consumers. In the present study, the concentration of metals (Na, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, Co, Pb, and Ag) were determined in three cereal types (maize, sorghum and barely) using FAAS and flame photometry. The optimized wet digestion involving both, concentrated HNO3 and HClO4 was employed for the decomposition of each cereal samples. The accuracy of an optimized procedure was confirmed by spiking some cereal samples and evaluating their recoveries. Satisfactory linearity of standard curves was obtained with elemental correlation coefficients over 0.9999. Metals were detected in all cereal types except Ag in all three cereal samples and Cd in maize and sorghum, which are below the method detection limit. The general pattern of concentration of metals in three cereal samples follow the decreasing order of K>Na>Fe>Co>Zn>Mn>Ni>Cu>Pb. However, the concentration of Mn in sorghum and Ni in both, barely and sorghum are out of this trend. The result of this study indicates that all types of cereals contain considerable concentration of metals and the results are comparable with literature values. Hence, the cereals could be considered as essential sources of dietary minerals and possible means of entrance for nutrients to food chain. Keywords: Cereals, metals, flame photometry, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy Cite this Article Mulatu Yohannes, Tarekegn Berhanu. Levels of Some Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Selected Cereals Marketed at Holeta City, Ethiopia. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(3): 19–24p.
Practices and Health Related Toxic Symptoms of Pesticide Use among Farm Workers
The present study was conducted among farm workers at Amritsar, Punjab with the objectives to assess the practices related to purchase, storage and usage before and after spraying of pesticides and to assess the health related toxic symptoms of pesticide use. Data was collected from 100 farm workers selected by purposive sampling with the help of self-structured tool. The study revealed varied and inappropriate practices related to purchase, storage and usage of pesticides. The study also signified that majority of the farm workers (90.9%) reported skin rash/itching/burning, more than forty percent farm workers reported burning of eyes and one fourth farm workers reported lacrimation. Findings also reveal that there was significant association of health related toxic symptoms with family monthly income at (p<0.05). Keywords: Pesticide, farm workers, toxicity Cite this Article Manpreet Kaur, Jyoti, Rajwant Kaur. Practices and Health Related Toxic Symptoms of Pesticide Use among Farm Workers. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(3): 25–29p.
Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of ATRA on the Testis of Elastase Induced Emphysematous Rats.
Emphysema is the pathological manifestation primarily associated with lungs. However, there are evidences of extra-pulmonary manifestations related to emphysema. The inflammation developed during emphysema triggers the release of several inflammatory mediators, which affects the proximal as well as distal organs. The present study was designed to determine the effect of inflammatory spillage on testicular tissue of male Sprague dawley rats; moreover, the main focus was to assess the potential role of ATRA as an anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory molecule. Three experimental groups (i.e., control, SS; emphysema, ES; and therapy, EA) were prepared. Subsequently, the testis from each rat was collected for elastase activity assay, histopathology, catalase activity assay, protein expression of TNF-α and mRNA expression of genes associated with male fertility. The endogenous elastase activity in testis was significantly high in ES group as compared to SS group, while in EA group the activity was reduced significantly. Testis histopathology photomicrographs clearly shows degenerated leydig cell population in ES group, while, the population was regenerated in EA group. The catalase activity was reduced while protein expression of TNF-α was significantly increased in ES group, whereas, in response to ATRA the catalase activity was increased and protein expression of TNF-α was significantly decreased. The male fertility genes were significantly downregulated in ES group, while, significantly upregulated in EA group. ATRA supplementation has proven to be beneficial in reducing the inflammation along with maintaining the normal testis architecture as well as the male fertility genes. Keywords: ATRA, Systemic Inflammation, Testis, Male fertility Cite this Article Swati Uniyal, Nimisha Sharma, Sudhir Kotnala et al. Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of ATRA on the Testis of Elastase Induced Emphysematous Rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(3): 1–12p.
Review on Arsenic Toxicity: Its Treatment And Prevention
Arsenic, a metalloid is distributed throughout the surface of the earth. It has various oxidation states, most common being +3 and +5. It is a highly toxic element and is often found in groundwater and contaminated drinking water and can enter the body through various routes like ingestion, absorption and inhalation. Arsenic toxicity can be both acute as well as chronic and can lead to several diseases of the human body. In this review, the major toxic effects of arsenic contamination are discussed along with few possible remedies and prevention of arsenic contamination. Keywords: Arsenic, toxicity, chronic, treatment, prevention Cite this Article Madhurima Chatterjee, Rajdeep Banerjee, Rabindranath Bhattacharyya. Review on Arsenic Toxicity: its Treatment and Prevention. Research & Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(2): 17–22p.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) Agonists for the Treatment of Diabetes
A series of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists bearing different fatty acid esters and amides as substituents in the positions 3 and 4 of the benzylidene moiety have been designed, synthesized and tested as potential antihyperglycemic agents. The compounds containing stearic acid (A1TU, A2TU, A3TU, A2TS and A3TS) exhibited the maximum activity (64.7-70.3 % BG reduction) among all the synthesized compounds. The capric acid containing compounds (D2TU and D3TU) showed the minimum activity (28.8-36.3 % BG reduction) with exception of D1TU and D1TS which exhibited 57.2 % and 48.7 % of BG reduction respectively. Compounds containing myristic acid (B1TU, B2TU, B3TU, B1TS and B3TS) and palmitic acid (C1TU, C2TU, C3TU, C2TS and C3TS) were found to be less active than stearic acid derivatives but more active than capric acid derivatives. Keywords: PPAR-γ, thiazolidinedione, fatty acids, antihyperglycemic activity Cite this Article Kumar and Kumar. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) Agonists for the Treatment of Diabetes. Research & Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(2): 1–12p.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Inhabiting in the Digestive Tract of Tetrodon cutcutia Collected from the River Brahmaputra, Assam, India
The Tetrodon cutcutia found in the river Brahmaputra were dissected and its intestinal contents were examined for the presence of bacterial strains. In situ culture of bacteria inhabiting the intestine of Tetrodon cutcutia was conducted in the media followed by biochemical analysis. A novel bacterial strain was confirmed by NCBI after 16S rRNA sequencing. Keywords: Tetrodon cutcutia, 16S rRNA sequencing, novel bacterial strain Cite this Article J.K. Nath, S. Khound, T.G. Devina. Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Inhabiting in the Digestive Tract of Tetrodon cutcutia Collected from the River Brahmaputra, Assam, India. Research & Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(2): 13–16p.
Research and Industrial Insight: Toxicology
Toxicology (from the Antediluvian Greek words toxikos means "poisonous" and logos means study) is a subdivision of biology, chemistry, and medicine (clearly defining pharmacology) concerned with the study of the deleterious effects of chemicals on living organisms. It supplementally studies the deleterious effects of chemical, biological and physical agents in biological systems that establish the extent of damage in living organisms. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high paramountcy in toxicology. The factor that influences chemical toxicity comprises of dosage (acute or chronic), the route of exposure, the species, age, sex and environment. Unpropitious effects may occur in many forms, ranging from immediate death to subtle changes not realized until months or years later. They may occur at sundry levels within the body, such as an organ, a type of cell, or a categorical biochemical. Cognizance of how toxic agents damage the body has progressed along with medical erudition. It is now kenned that sundry overt transmutations in anatomy or body functions authentically result from antecedently unrecognized transmutations in categorical biochemicals in the body. Toxicology is the scientific discipline involved with the detection, evaluation and obviation of the toxic effects of substances that humans are exposed to. It has a key role in the development of incipient drugs, which are evaluated for potential toxic effects in preclinical studies, clinical tribulations and post-marketing studies with the aim of ascertaining that their benefits outweigh their own threats.
Adverse Effects of Oil Spills on Human and Marine Life and Causing Deterioration to Ecological Balance
Petroleum based products are vital to human existence as water, and serves as the basic wall of defense for the future generation. Oil spills have become a global problem in developed and industrialized countries. Accidental spills and leaks damage the highly complex marine ecosystem resulting in some significantly environmental disasters. Short and long-term effects of oil spill on marine environment generate a widespread public concern with an enormous pressure on the legislation and responsible parties. The outcome of oil pollution to environment and human health has brought a major challenge to the environmental society. This paper discusses about the environmental effects of oil spills and consequent clean-up activities on marine flora and fauna and their natural domain. It also discusses the impact of human social and economic activities. Physical and chemical approaches are too expensive and it creates adverse effects. Bioremediation has been emerged as one of the most favorable treatment option for oil removal, which involves the use of microorganisms. This oil-degrading indigenous microorganism plays a very significant role in reducing the overall environmental impact caused due to large oil spills. Keywords: Crude oil, bioremediation, marine life, economical activities, oil spill Cite this Article Dwivedi S. Adverse Effects of Oil Spills on Human and Marine Life and Causing Deterioration to Ecological Balance. Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(1): 1–7p.
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on more astronomically immense and more intricate groups, such as the family unit or society at sizably voluminous. A central concept of toxicology is that effects are dose-dependent; even dihydrogen monoxide can lead to dihydrogen monoxide intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-categorical, making cross-species analysis problematic. More incipient paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.
Cadmium and Apoptosis: A Molecular Approach
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death is a highly regulated and fundamental process found in all multicellular organisms. It is not only implicated in regulatory mechanisms of cells, but has been attributed to a number of diseases, like inflammation, malignancy, autoimmunity and neuro-degeneration. A variability of pollutants can persuade apoptosis. Oncogenic transition metals like cadmium, promote apoptosis alongside DNA base modifications, strand breaks and rearrangements. Generation of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of Ca2+, upregulation of caspase-3, downregulation of bcl-2,and deficiency of p-53 lead to the Cadmium (Cd) induced apoptosis. Metallothionein expression determines the choice between apoptosis and necrosis in Cd-induced toxicity. Thus, disorders of apoptosis may play a critical role in some of the most debilitating metal-induced afflictions including hepato-toxicity, renal toxicity, neuro-toxicity, autoimmunity and carcinogenesis. An understanding of Cd-induced apoptosis will be obliging in the development of precautionary molecular approach. Keywords: Metals, cadmium, apoptosis, cell proliferation, carcinogenicity Cite this Article K. Shagirtha, S. Miltonprabu. Cadmium and Apoptosis: A Molecular Approach. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(1): 8–17p.
Histopathological effects of silver nanoparticles on gills and liver of freshwater fingerlings Catla catla (Ham.)
Fish is the best biomarker to identify the adverse effect on surroundings. Here, Fingerlings of major carp (Catla catla) were used as a model in the present work to investigate toxicity caused by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The fish exposed to different concentrations of 10 μg/L and 30 μg/L AgNPs for 15 days were sampled at days 5, 10 and 15 for histology. This exposure caused organ injuries, and the kinds of pathologies observed include aneurisms, necrosis in the secondary lamellae of the gills, clumping in cartilaginous core, congestion of secondary lamellae, and lifted up interlamellar epithelium. Liver histology exhibits various abnormalities including congestion of hepatocytes, pyknotic cells, severe hemorrhage and cellular clumping in central lobular vein, parenchymal vacuolization, focalnecrosis and dilation of sinusoid. Keywords: AgNPs, Liver, Gill, Histopathology, Catla catla
Tobacco Consequences Oral Health: A Review Article
Use of tobacco is one of the most important risk factor for oral cancer, periodontal disease, mucosal lesions and dental implant failure. Tobacco smoking frequently increases the risk of oral cancer and quitting smoking results in reduced risk. In various forms of periodontal disease, the severity and prevalence is higher among smokers as compared to non-smokers. Risks of peri-implantitis and maintenance of oral hygiene are adversely affected by smoking. The precancerous and oral cancer development risk is higher in smokers. Smokeless tobacco and betel nut chewing produce similar risks of cancer development as tobacco smoking. Cessation of tobacco use positively effect and has many benefits of improving oral health. The aim and purpose of this paper is to review tobacco use effects on a variety of oral cancer, diseases and conditions with particular emphasis on the effects of dental implant failure, periodontal diseases and risks of development of prevalence and oral cancer. Keywords: Tobacco, oral health, public health, tobacco smoking Cite this Article Sheikh Arslan Sehgal, Rana Adnan Tahir. Tobacco Consequences Oral Health: A Review Article. Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2016; 6(1): 28–40p.
Pattern of Poisoning, Management and Antidote Availability in St. Paulo’s Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Poisoning is the contact with a substance that results in toxicity. It can be deliberate or accidental. Antidotes are substances opposing the harmful effect of poisons and are cornerstones in the management of poisoning. Availability of antidotes highly affects the effective poisoning management. To assess the poisoning management in relation to an antidote availability. A retrospective study was used to assess the practice of poisoning management and antidote availability in St. Paulo’s specialized hospital. Females are among the majority of acutely poisoned patients (50.6%) and most of the patients are in the younger age groups (32.4%). The most common type of poison is sodium hypochlorite (Berekina) (45.2%) which the most common source is household materials (48.6%). Intentional self-harm (95.4) was the common circumstance of poisoning and majority of patients improved (74.6%) after management. Low number of antidotes were available and gastric lavage and fluid resuscitation were the common management options in the absence of antidotes (61.4%) and (33%) respectively. Even though the recommended items of antidote were not available, the management pattern is good based on the outcome. It is recommended to have sufficient items of antidotes to improve the overall management practice of poisoning and the hospital organization should take the responsibility in preparing list of antidotes that should be available in the hospital and formulating guideline for poisoning management should also be considered. Keywords: poison, antidote, sodium hypochlorite, gastric lavage Cite this Article Kebebe D, Gobena M, Seelam RK. Pattern of poisoning management and antidote availability in st. Paulo’s specialized hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Research and Reviews: Journal of Toxicology. 2015; 5(3): 8–12p.