https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=issue&op=feedJournal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology2017-09-18T23:27:30+00:00Editor in ChiefJoPET@stmjournals.comOpen Journal Systems<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: justify; color: #333333; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology (JoPET)</strong> is an international eJournal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Petroleum Engineering & Petroleum Technology.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: justify; color: #333333; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Focus and Scope Covers</strong></p><ul style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: #333333; font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 20px;"><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Production of Hydrocarbons</li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Petroleum Geology</li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Formation Evaluation (Well Logging), Drilling and Economics</li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Oil Refining</li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Synthetic Fuel Technologies</li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Oil Shale Technology</li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Reservoir Simulation</li></ul><p> </p>https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8785Biopolymer Substitution and Impact on Cuttings Transport of a Lightweight Water-Based Drilling Fluid2017-09-18T23:27:30+00:00N. Uwaezuokeunnaemeka@yahoo.comS. I. Onwukweunnaemeka@yahoo.comK. C. Igwilounnaemeka@yahoo.comB. Obahunnaemeka@yahoo.com<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="CENTER"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>The aim is to determine the impact of substitution of a local material for another, on rheological properties and hole cleaning capability. A local biopolymer Mucuna solannie was used as a substitute for another biopolymer, Detarium microcarpum, primarily as a viscosifier in a water-based drilling fluid. Tests were carried out using standard equipment and specifications. Variations in transport efficiency and required minimum fluid flow rate at same cuttings concentration (CC) were recorded in the 12¼ in vertical hole section, while in the 8½ in directional section, the maximum ROP that can be sustained while still maintaining adequate hole cleaning was obtained by graphical method. Yield stress values of 2.7, 3 and 12.4 lb/100ft</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em>2</em></span></span></sup></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em> were calculated based on different approaches. In the 12¼ in section, TE of 99.98% and CC of 5.002 vol.% were observed at 300 ft/h with minimum fluid flow rate of 657 gpm for the Mucuna solannie mud, from a MATLAB cuttings transport program, compared with TE of 99.98 and 98.55% at same CC of 5.002 vol.% for the Detarium microcarpum and XCD/Polymer muds respectively used as control samples. Required minimum fluid flow rates are 612.4 and 621.3 gpm respectively. In the 8½ in section, with the Herschel-Bulkley mud, an ROP of about 8.2 ft/h was obtained as the maximum drilling rate at 40° inclination. The lightweight mud exhibited good cuttings transport in the vertical well, and might not be suitable for highly deviated wells. Comparison of this kind is necessary for evaluation of respective constituents in a mud formulation where several local materials are combined, in a wholly-replaced-bentonite mud. Different models and approaches yielded various yield stress values; hence, comparison of accuracy of models in predicting yield stress is necessary.</em></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p> <p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em><strong>Keywords:</strong></em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em> Cutting carrying index, cuttings transport, lightweight mud, Mucuna solannie.</em></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;"><em>Cite this Article</em></span></p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><em></em></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;"><em>Uwaezuoke N, Onwukwe SI, Igwilo KC et al. Biopolymer Substitution and Impact on Cuttings Transport of a Lightweight Water-Based Drilling Fluid. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2017; 7(2): 54–64p.</em></span></p>2017-09-15T03:04:17+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8564PVT Analysis: Validity Checks and EOS Turning Techniques for Retrograde Condensate Reservoirs2017-09-15T03:07:18+00:00Stanley Ugochukwu Ibehibehstanleyugochukwu@yahoo.comSamuel Eleanya Chibuezeibehstanleyugochukwu@yahoo.comBoniface Obahibehstanleyugochukwu@yahoo.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Abstract</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">PVT analysis is pertinent to field-wide development and optimization. This is because we need to know the over-all behavior of the fluid from reservoir through production and process facilities, down to the refinery. Its emergence as a separate discipline has been supported by the development of modern computer software that utilize EOS models for simulating experiments and representing fluid phase behaviours. PVT simulations are carried out to determine operating conditions that will maximize the surface liquid content and extend the production plateau duration at the lowest possible cost. In such simulations, laboratory derived data are used to tune the EOS models and the results incorporated for reservoir simulation and studies. Obtaining a good match between EOS and laboratory data depends on data quality and for retrograde gas condensates; this can be very challenging due to their complicated phase behavior. Inadequate match results in computational errors and unrepresentative results when used in reservoir simulations and thus, jeopardize reservoir management decisions which are based on it. The major contributions of this paper are: first, a review of critical issues and success factors in PVT analysis and its associated challenges; second, methods for quality checking PVT data; and third, techniques for improving Lab-EOS match and their influence in PVT results.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Keywords: Gas condensate, PVT analysis, equations of state, tuning technique, validity checks</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Cite this Article</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Stanley Ugochukwu Ibeh, Samuel Eleanya Chibueze, Boniface Obah. PVT Analysis: Validity Checks and EOS Tuning Techniques for Retrograde Gas Condensate Reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology. 2017; 7(2): 44–53p.</p>2017-09-14T21:41:05+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8605Wall to bed mass transfer in the presence of double cone promoter in a three phase fluidized bed with conical entry of electrolyte2017-09-15T03:07:18+00:00PADMESH MEDESETYpadmeshmedesety@gmail.com<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent: .5in; line-height: normal;">Investigations have been carried out experimentally to study the effect on wall-to-bed mass transfer coefficient in presence of double cone promoter in a three-phase fluidized bed with a conical entry of electrolyte. The system chosen was an electrolyte as liquid phase, glass spheres of different diameters as solid phase and inert nitrogen as gas phase. The electrolyte was an equimolar solution of potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide each of 0.01N with 0.5N sodium hydroxide as indifferent electrolyte. The reaction considered was the reduction of ferricyanide ion. The experiment had been carried out at temperature range of 36 to 38<sup>o</sup>C at which the physical property values of the electrolyte were known from literature. The mass transfer coefficient was computed from the measured limiting current. It was found that the mass transfer coefficient was relatively independent of liquid velocity within the range covered in the present experiment. The k<sub>L</sub> increased marginally with increasing gas velocity. The k<sub>L</sub> was not influenced significantly by particle size and diameter of promoter within the present study range. The entire experimental data have been correlated in terms of Coulburn j<sub>D</sub>-factor and particle Reynolds number. </p>2017-08-17T03:53:11+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8666Revamp of Feed Preheat Network Using Aspen Hysys in a Kero Hydro-Desulphurization Unit2017-09-15T03:07:18+00:00Kiran Dinkarrao Patilkiran.patil@mitpune.edu.inNatasha Vincentkiran.patil@mitpune.edu.inMahesh Kumar B.kiran.patil@mitpune.edu.in<p class="western" style="text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" lang="en-US" align="center"><span style="font-family: Calibri, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" lang="en-US" align="justify"><a name="_Hlk485925696"></a> <span style="font-family: Calibri, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>The paper is based on the revamp of feed preheat network in a Kero hydro-desulphurization unit. This revamp is beneficial as it does not require additional equipment to raise the feed temperature. Desulphurization of crude is a catalytic process used in oil and gas refining industry to remove sulphur content from refined petroleum products. Previously, feed was charged from the crude distillation unit at 103</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>°</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>C. Due to envisaged changes, the feed is now charged from storage tanks at a temperature of 40</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>°</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>C. This requires a higher feed heater duty or decrease in feed rate. This potential underutilization of the unit could impact the product supply from the refinery with negative financial implications. The aim is to preheat the feed at a temperature of 40</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>°</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>C to a temperature of 150</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>°</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>C prior to entering the feed heater. The methodology was to configure the feed preheat network of the unit in Aspen-Hysys as existing to validate the exchanger design with present operating condition and to reconfigure the same feed preheat network to maximise the feed temperature, whilst ensuring sufficient temperature availability at the fractionator inlet for the required performance. </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>Based on the simulation study, it can be concluded that feed could be preheated to the optimum level by reconfiguring the existing heat exchanger network. This configuration would reduce the charge heater duty along with maintaining the required fractionator feed temperature at an optimum level. This approach requires the reconfiguration of the existing streams, without having to involve additional equipment</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>. </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>This paper would give insight on ways in which reconfiguration of existing preheat networks can be carried out without the use of additional equipment and also provide knowledge on methods to utilize energy sources present within the process which would lead to financial savings. </em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em><strong>Keywords:</strong></em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em> </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>Heat exchanger,</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em> </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>hydro-desulphurization</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em>, </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>Aspen Hysys</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em>, </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>preheat network,</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN"><em> </em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>reconfiguration</em></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" lang="en-US" align="justify"><span style="font-family: Calibri, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;"> </p><p style="text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" lang="en-US" align="justify"><span style="font-family: Calibri, serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Natasha Vincent, Patil Kiran D, Mahesh Kumar B. Revamp of Feed Preheat Network Using Aspen Hysys </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN">in a Kero Hydro-Desulphurization Unit. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN"><em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="en-IN">. 2017; 7(2):</span></span></span></span></span></p>2017-08-17T03:39:27+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8668Oilfield Disaster Management2017-09-15T03:07:18+00:00G. P. Karmakargpkarmakar@gmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 98%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 98%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Recently a significant number of accidents in offshore oil and gas industry have made us more concerned about enhancing the operational safety in offshore drilling and production worldwide. There is an urgent need of looking into the above problems by the operators, regulators and the stakeholders of the oil and gas industry. Compiling and analyzing the key factors, facilitating the sharing of the learning experiences, and interacting with the industry and the government can identify the areas where industry can continuously improve the operational safety and environment management. Since it is difficult for any regulator to inspect the quality of the safety management system in oil and gas industry, the safety culture has to be inculcated within the industry to ensure safe operations under protected environment in offshore installations. In most cases, human factors in the management of emergency response are more important to reduce the risk of accidents. Lack of positive safety culture by the individuals, poor qualities of inspecting, reporting and auditing, and sharing of actual data complicate the above issue. In this paper, a critical assessment has been carried out on the operational safety and environmental issues and their management systems in offshore oil industry in India and abroad. Based on a few case studies, possible recommendations have been made which may be helpful for the oil and gas industry.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 98%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 98%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: Offshore oil and gas industry, operational safety and environmental issues, emergency response</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 98%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Cite this Article</div><div>Karmakar GP. Oilfield Disaster</div><div>Management. Journal of Petroleum</div><div>Engineering and Technology. 2017; 7(2):</div><div>21–28p.</div></div>2017-08-17T03:07:37+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8563Challenges and Prospects of the Use of Horizontal Directional Drilling Techniques for Laying Oil and Gas Pipelines in Nigeria2017-09-15T03:07:18+00:00Stanley Ugochukwu Ibehibehstanleyugochukwu@yahoo.comBoniface Obahibehstanleyugochukwu@yahoo.com<p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; orphans: 0; widows: 0;" align="center"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; orphans: 0; widows: 0;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>Nigeria pipelines, especially the petroleum and petroleum product pipelines are always vandalized by the sabotage. Huge amount of money is expended to put the damaged pipeline in good shape; and petroleum and petroleum product transfer is sometimes hampered due to leakages and damages caused by the oil thieves. Also huge money is being budgeted yearly to secure the pipelines. To combat this problem, horizontal</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>directional</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>drilling</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>(HDD)</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>is</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>being</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>proposed. HDD is a method of installing underground pipes and conduits along a prescribed bore path from the surface, with minimal impact to the surrounding area. Installation</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>lengths up to 6500 ft and depth of 200 ft have been completed and diameters up to 48 in have been installed in shorter runs. The process begins when</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>a</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>directional</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>bore</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>machine</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>pushes</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>a</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>bore</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>head</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>connected</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>to</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>hollow</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>pipe</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>into</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>ground</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>at</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>an</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>angle. As each joint of drill pipe is pushed into the ground, a new one is added behind. In</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.7pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>rock, a mud motor, which</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>converts</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>hydraulic</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>pressure</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>of</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>drilling</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>fluid</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>into</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>mechanical</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>rotation,</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>is</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>used</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>to</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>rotate</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.8pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the bit</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>and</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>drill</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>pipe</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>is</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>not</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>continuously</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>rotated.</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>Steerage</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>is</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>accomplished</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>by</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>aligning</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>angle</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>of</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.4pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>mud motor</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>to</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>the</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>desired</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>direction. This paper investigates the challenges and prospects of using the HDD technique to lay pipeline to a greater depth/distance that will be inaccessible to the oil thieves. The construction process (pilot hole, reaming and pullback) along with the major components (drill rig, drill pipe, slurry, slurry recycling, survey equipment, drill bits, and reamers) is discussed. The advantages of cost reduction, and environmental, social and time benefits were examined in this study. The challenges of proper soils information, subsurface conditions, training and knowledge, drilling fluids and binding of the drill pipe and reamer/bit are</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"><em> </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>highlighted.</em></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; orphans: 0; widows: 0;" align="justify"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; orphans: 0; widows: 0;" align="center"> </p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; orphans: 0; widows: 0;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em><strong>Keywords: </strong></em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>Horizontal directional drilling, petroleum, petroleum products, pipeline, vandals</em></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></span></span></span></p><p class="western" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; orphans: 0; widows: 0;" align="justify"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Stanley Ugochukwu Ibeh, Boniface Obah.</span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Challenges and Prospects of the Use of Horizontal Directional Drilling Techniques for Laying Oil and Gas Pipelines in Nigeria. </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2017; 7(2):</span></span></p>2017-08-17T02:32:36+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8529Challenges & Issues in Natural Gas Distribution Industry2017-09-15T03:07:18+00:00Anirbid Sircaranirbid.sircar@spt.pdpu.ac.inShreya Sahajpalanirbid.sircar@spt.pdpu.ac.inKriti Yadavanirbid.sircar@spt.pdpu.ac.in<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="center"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em>Natural Gas Distribution or City Gas Distribution (CGD) in India is at a nascent stage. Before the establishment of Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB), the sector was unstructured and direction-less at times. With the formation of PNGRB, the safety practices of CGD business were looked into and guidelines were framed. However, the initial legal disputes within PNGRB retarded the growth. The first three bidding rounds in the sector brought out many issues and challenges. The CGD entities along with PNGRB tried to resolve the issues but some of them still remain unsolved in the fourth, fifth and sixth bidding rounds. The allocation priority of gas in this sector over power and fertilizer definitely boosted the sector considerably. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the CGD sector, dissect the problems faced by the government, CGD entities, vendors, third party service providers, consumers and market. The analysis is narrated under various macro headings and subpoints are described in order to show the effect of the same on the sector. The challenges revolve around issues affecting project Internal Rate of Return (IRR), project investment rate of return, market exclusivity, gas allocation, gas availability issues, logistic and manpower issues. The influence of the sector on customer base, tariff recovery mechanism, innovations, finance and health, safety and environment (HSE) is also discussed in this paper. </em></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"> </p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="center"> </p><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em><strong>Keywords:</strong></em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><em> natural gas, Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB), City Gas Distribution (CGD), issues</em></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Cite this Article</strong></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;" align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Sircar A, Sahajpal S, Yadav K. Challenges & Issues in Natural Gas Distribution Industry. </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. 2017; 7(2):</span></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> 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https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8491Optimization of Mucuna solannie Mud Rheological Parameters2017-05-23T03:33:17+00:00N. Uwaezuokeunnaemeka@yahoo.comK.C Igwilounnaemeka@yahoo.comS.I. Onwukweunnaemeka@yahoo.comB Obahunnaemeka@yahoo.com<div>The need to optimize rheological parameters by the use of appropriate techniques is the best consideration in drilling mud rheology studies. Various methods are used considering experience on the side of the user, available methods, and flow in pipe or annulus and depending on whether study is done in the field or for research purposes. Mucuna solannie is a legume, and the seed is a viscosifier used in foods in some parts of Africa. M. solannie mud is a new mud formulation from biomaterials, with M. solannie as the viscosifier, proposed as a replacement for other muds in terms of cost and efficiency. Solver software was used to determine the optimum rheological parameters, which would assist to select the suitable model for the mud. With Absolute Average Errors of 0.3433 and 0.8856 for unweighted and weighted muds, respectively; Herschel-Bulkley model is the suitable model since it has yield stress as model parameter, and flow behavior indices of 0.4721 and 0.4208 for unweighted and weighted muds, respectively were recorded. SOLVER result is comparable with other known techniques. It proved to be reliable, fast and requires little practice. It is suitable for engineering and research applications. The mud might be suitable for tophole sections due to high yield of M. solannie and presence of calcium.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: Generalized reduced gradient, Herschel-Bulkley, Mucuna solannie, rheological parameters, SOLVER software</div>2017-05-18T04:37:36+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=8099Lithological Characterization and Reservoir Characteristics by Computerized Tomography Assisted Micro Density log of the Rock2017-05-18T04:40:14+00:00Nitika Gargnitikadecember@gmail.comHarish Chandra Joshijoshiharish86@gmail.comI.P. Pandeyippande@gmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-IN">Lithological Characterization of the unconsolidated rock from heavy oil field has been attempted using X-ray computerized tomography imagine techniques. A micro density log is generated to obtain the hidden information of such variations along the depth at micro level, which normally is not available through conventional log. Useful exploratory leads have been obtained through characterization of the nature of reservoir using simple petro-physical techniques on conventional cores by defining reservoir grade, pore throat sorting and irreducible water saturation. The present study is based on the determination of mineralogical variations present within the rock.</span></p>2017-05-17T07:17:46+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7959The Effects of hydro confining pressure on the flow properties of sandstone and carbonate rocks.2017-05-18T04:40:14+00:00Dr Sudad Hameed Al-Obaididrsudad@gmail.comN. Guliaevanadya979@hotmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB">There is a significant effect of the hydro confining pressure of the core holder on the flowing properties of the formation rocks. This effect is caused due to the mechanical elastic deformation of the core when carrying out laboratory studies of the water shutoff and polymer compositions. Consequently, this deformation will cause changing in the permeability and voids storage capacity of the studied core samples. Therefore, under the laboratory conditions and when dealing with such studies on formation cores, it is necessary to consider the changes of permeability and voids storage capacity of these cores.</span></p>2017-05-17T07:17:21+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7946Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Fine Milled Husk of Rice as a Novel Filtration Control Agent for Water Based Drilling Fluid System2017-05-18T04:40:14+00:00Pritish Barmanpritishbarman@gmail.comNirupam Dhekialpritishbarman@gmail.comDhiraj K Dekapritishbarman@gmail.comBiki Sakiapritishbarman@gmail.comBhaskar J Gogoipritishbarman@gmail.comBanjit Rabhapritishbarman@gmail.comPrasenjit Talukdarpritishbarman@gmail.com<p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em>Drilling operation is a complex process that requires integration of various engineering systems. As the drilling continues, the formation encountered offers challenges to wellbore integrity as pressure increases with depth. The influx of formation fluid is contained by the overbalance provided by weighted drilling fluid column. Another critical function of the mud is to restrict the filtration fluid lost to the formation by forming a suitable mud-cake around the wellbore. Drilling fluids are designed to reduce filtration loss by addition of filtration control agents. This paper is a comprehensive study of the effects of fine milled Husk of Rice as a filtration control agent in water based mud system by experiments performed at laboratory conditions. Filter Loss and Rheological properties of the mud were studied by changing the concentration of the Husk of Rice in water based mud system.</em></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em>Keywords: Drilling Fluid, Mud, Fluid Loss, Mud Cake, Husk of Rice</em></span></span></p>2017-05-17T07:16:45+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7890Rheology and Flow Properties of Fracturing Gels in Straight and Coiled Tubing2017-05-23T03:36:14+00:00Ahmed H KamelKamel_a@utpb.eduAbdullah H HarouakaHarouka_a@utpb.edu<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This study involves experimental investigation of rheological and hydraulic characteristics of aqueous based polymeric and surfactant fluids in straight and coiled tubing. The fluids matrix includes guar, HPG, PHPA, welan, xanthan, and surfactant. Bohlin rheometer was used to evaluate rheological and viscoelastic characteristics. For hydraulic characteristics, small- and large-scale flow loops were used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">It is observed that all fluids exhibit comparable non-Newtonian behavior and improved viscous and elastic properties. Among polymeric fluids, guar and welan provide better viscosity and suspension properties. Surfactant is significantly affected by the formation of rod-like micelles and other microstructures. Master curves for rheological and elastic properties are developed using the molecular theory approach. The foremost benefit of these curves is its dimensionless form that provides a unique technique to predict viscosity for all fluids. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">For hydraulic properties, friction losses in coiled tubing are significantly higher than in straight tubing due to centrifugal forces and secondary flows. Surfactant is more sensitive to shear field applied where different microstructures are induced and thus they exhibit better drag reduction characteristics than polymeric fluids especially in coiled tubing with larger sizes. However, in straight tubing, guar shows better drag reduction characteristics than surfactant and other polymers, which diminishes as tubing size increases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, welan gum exhibits a comparable performance. Overall, all fluids are considered good candidates as fracturing fluids with specific features for each. Unique characteristics of each fluid is discussed and explained in more details within the context of the present paper.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>2017-05-17T07:15:51+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7856Calculation improvement of the clay content in the hydrocarbon formation rocks2017-05-18T04:40:14+00:00Dr Sudad Hameed Al-Obaididrsudad@gmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 26.1pt; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB">Natural radioactivity of reservoir rocks of oil and gas East Baghdad field is due not only to their content of clay material, but also the existence of uranium that located in the skeleton of rocks. In connection with this, for the shale content determination of reservoir rocks, it is necessary to exclude the uranium contribution from the overall intensity of the gamma radiation.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 26.1pt; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB">The paper presents the results of a research, using the data of spectral (standard) gamma ray logs–SGR, in which more accurate determination of the shaliness (clay content) in the productive zones of the Zubair section of East Baghdad field (In Iraq) is proposed.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 26.1pt; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; tab-stops: 35.45pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB">With the help of a computer program, a formula that allows us to remove the effect of uranium, which affects the readings of gamma ray logging, is obtained.</span></em></p>2017-05-17T07:15:18+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7914Comparative Study between Smart Controls and Conventional Bottom Hole Completions2016-12-05T03:59:01+00:00Perez Antwi Boafoperezantwi@gmail.comVictus Kordorwukordorwulaudvekky@gmail.comJoel Teye Tettehjoelteyetetteh@gmail.comKwabena Okyere Nyarkokonyako2000@yahoo.co.uk<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This research project made use of Schlumberger’s “ECLIPSE 100” reservoir simulator to predict the performance of a reservoir with an overlying gas cap and an underlying aquifer (i.e., a three- phase Water-Oil-Gas reservoir) under conventional BHC techniques. Additional work was done to ascertain the suitability of incorporating an Intelligent Well (IW) to deal with water production problem by placing Inflow Control Valves (ICV) at particular segments in the well to monitor and control fluid flow. Comparing BHCs, it was found out that open hole completion yielded the maximum performance whereas gravel pack completion yielded the least. The simulation yielded FOEs of 13.27, 13.04, 13.02 and 12.98% for open hole, cased hole, perforated liner and gravel pack completions, respectively. Application of the intelligent well (IW) as opposed to the conventional cased hole well yielded a 4.06% increment in FOE. The project yielded a 41% reduction in water cut by the intelligent well compared to the conventional well. These were all due to the open-close action of the valves employed in the intelligent well model. This justified the applicability and suitability of intelligent wells in improving oil production by solving unnecessary water production, thus providing better returns on investment. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Open-hole, Casing, Annular Cementation, Perforated Liner, Pre-slotted liner, Gravel Pack, Intelligent Well, Field Oil Efficiency</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Perez Antwi Boafo, Victus Kordorwu, Joel Teye Tetteh,<em> et al.</em> Comparative Study between Smart Controls and Conventional Bottom hole Completions. <em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em>. 2016; 6(3): 77–89p.</span></p>2016-12-05T03:53:02+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7850Study the Effect of Variation of Crude Assay on the Design of Distillation Column2016-11-17T23:01:06+00:00Mohamed Abusinsinmohsust@gmail.comAbdelgadir Basheersinmohsust@gmail.comMoh. Hamedsinmohsust@gmail.comMoh. Abdlazizsinmohsust@gmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of variation of crude assay on the design of crude distillation column. Different crudes assay (six samples of Sudanese crude oil) with different properties which are processed at the Khartoum Refinery Company have been simulated using Aspen HYSYS under the same operating conditions in order to identify the effect of this variation. Energy consumption optimization is done by using preheated train heat exchangers to raise the temperature of the crude from 31.2°</span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria Math", serif;">ð¶</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> to 198.3°</span></em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Cambria Math", serif;">ð¶</span><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> (124500 kw has been saved). The simulation process show different products quantities with slightly variation in their purities. Specific products (e.g. naphtha) have been increased from 9.1–11.8%. As a result of that atmospheric residue decreases from 63.8–60.9% by controlling the reflux ratio, pumps around flow rate and using multi-feed locations. The design results are 2.4 m column diameter, 27.6 m height of the column and 54 numbers of trays.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">CDU, simulation, design, control, ASPEN HYSIS</span></em></p>2016-11-17T23:01:06+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7677Construction/Assembling of a Low Cost Adsorption Apparatus for Cored Clay Shales2016-11-07T03:46:20+00:00Hayatu Bashirh.b.bashir@edu.salford.ac.ukY. Wangh.b.bashir@edu.salford.ac.ukA. Abbash.b.bashir@edu.salford.ac.uk<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">The secret to unlocking these reserves lies in accurate experimental data which in turn depends on the experimental method used. Recently many procedures such as manometric, volumetric and gravimetric have been developed to quantify adsorption. In this paper, we show how to construct/assemble a simple manometric adsorption apparatus for gas adsorption. The setup is inexpensive and can be built easily using part available in university laboratories. Furthermore, it can be used to measure adsorption capacity of different cored materials using different gases at low pressure (< 450 Psia). The laboratorial setup permits the measurement of gas adsorption equilibrium on cored samples with dimensions of 3-inch by 1.5 inch up to 450 Psia at laboratory temperature (23°C), and can also be used at higher temperatures (up to 45°C) by using a water bath. </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">Keywords:</span></em></strong><!--[if supportFields]><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> MACROBUTTON </span></i><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></i><![endif]--><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB"> Manometric apparatus, adsorption, clay rich shale</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;" lang="DE">H. Bashir, Y. Wang, A. Abbas. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">Construction/Assembling of a Low Cost Adsorption Apparatus for Cored Clay Shales. <em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em>. 2016; 6(3): 54–60p.<strong></strong></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>ZH-CN</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning /> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents /> 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" 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/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" 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/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1" /> <w:LsdException 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Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" 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Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light 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mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;} --> <!--[endif] -->2016-11-07T03:36:46+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7701Two-Phase Flow Modelling in Clay Rich Shale2016-11-07T03:46:20+00:00H Bashirh.b.bashir@edu.salford.ac.ukY Wangy.wang@salford.ac.ukA J AbbasA.J.Abbas@salford.ac.uk<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have made huge strides lately and are bit by bit turning into a pervasive device in science and engineering.</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> In this paper, we present a new mathematical model which adequately describes single and two-phase flow, which considers relative permeability and capillary pressure in water rich clay shale. Furthermore, we implement the two-phase flow model into COMSOL multiphysics software.</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> From the result analysis, it is concluded that the relative permeability and capillary pressure are important properties which describe the simultaneous movement of water and gas phase in unconventional clay-rich shale.</span></em><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></em></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">COMSOL multiphysics, clay rich shale, two phase flow, relative permeability, capillary pressure</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" lang="DE">Bashir H, Wang Y, Abbas AJ. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Two-Phase Flow Modelling in Clay Rich Shale</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. <em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em>. 2016; 6(3): 44–53p.</span></p>2016-11-07T03:19:01+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7736Well Injectivity Management during Geological Carbon Sequestration Activity2016-11-07T03:46:20+00:00R. M. BenashorR.Benashor@edu.salford.ac.ukA. NourianR.Benashor@edu.salford.ac.ukG. NasrR.Benashor@edu.salford.ac.ukA. A. JibrinR.Benashor@edu.salford.ac.uk<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em>It is well known that the saline aquifer formations are considered very reliable candidates for carbon sequestration because of their wide availability and they have good storage capacity. Due to high formation salinity, there a big concern about bore formation dry out resulting from the salt precipitation in the form of halite (NaCl).</em><em><span lang="EN-GB"> The mutual solubility between CO<sub>2</sub> and brine is responsible for creating the salt deposits, this processes may take place in three ways: (1) when CO<sub>2</sub> dissolves in the brine it increases the brine density; (2) when CO<sub>2</sub> dissolves in the brine it reacts with water and forms carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>); (3) H<sub>2</sub>O dissolves or vaporizes into CO<sub>2 </sub>stream, removing water from the brine and increasing its salinity; as the salt concentration increases, this leads to dry-out and salting-out. When the brine salinity increases, the dissolution of CO<sub>2</sub> will dissolve.</span></em><em> If this phenomenon takes place, it will cause reduction in the well injectivity and this will lead to pressure build up problems. In oil industry, the formation damage i.e. reduction in the permeability is attributed to the clay swelling when it comes in contact with water. The permeability is an important property of porous media, many engineers and geologists intensively studied this property and their main concern is always about the formation damage. In this experimental work, the focus was about the well injectivity and how it can be improved. As mentioned earlier, due to high NaCl concentration, the salt will be precipitated in the near well bore and it will cause reduction in the aquifer permeability and porosity and consequently the well injectivity will be affected. The dilution of aquifer salinity by periodic pumping of the sea water (salinity 3.5%) will assist in improving the well injectivity. In this work, the studied core samples (gray Berea sandstone and Parker sandstone) were saturated with different brine solutions (10, 15, 20 and 26.4%), the core flow tests were carried out for the above mentioned core samples before and after dilution by sea water utilizing the experimental set up (Figure 1), and the results are shown in Tables 3–6. It was observed that the dilution by seawater assisted in improving the CO<sub>2</sub> flow rates; this means that the injectivity will be increased. The main objective is to improve the well injectivity and increase the solubility trapping mechanism. </em><em></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><em><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; mso-outline-level: 1;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><strong><em><span lang="EN-GB">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span lang="EN-GB">Aquifer salinity</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">, porosity, permeability, CO<sub>2</sub> storage, well injectivity</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> </p><p class="MsoBodyText"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="EN-GB">Benashor M, Nourian A, Nasr G <em>et al</em></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE">.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Well Injectivity Management during Geological Carbon Sequestration Activity. <em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em>. 2016; 6(3): 32–43p.</span><em><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></em></p>2016-11-07T03:12:12+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7780Effects of Fracture Properties on Oil Recovery in Tight Reservoirs2016-11-07T03:46:20+00:00Fuseinatu Latifbisi2g9@gmail.comVictus Kordorwukordorwulaudvekky@gmail.comKwabena Okyere Nyakokonyako2000@yahoo.co.ukJoel Teye Tettehjoelteyetetteh@gmail.comQuaye Carl Anthonyjoelteyetetteh@gmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Unconventional reservoirs, characterized by low permeability are gradually becoming a force to reckon with in today’s world owing to the rapid depletion of conventional resources. However, low oil production from tight reservoirs can be mitigated by implementing hydraulic fracturing. In this study, Schlumberger’s eclipse-100 simulator was used to simulate various scenarios in order to determine the best fracture geometry and the effects of fracture properties on oil recovery. The properties considered were fracture half-length, width and number. Oil recovery from the tight reservoir was found to be 0.47% OIP and the application of hydraulic fracturing increased the recovery to 4.78%. OIP sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying well trajectory, porosity, permeability and wettability. It was found out that, fracture geometry of 300 ft half-length, 1 inch width and a fracture number of 15 is ideal for this reservoir, both technically and economically. An increase in the fracture number affected the spacing greatly. As the number increased, initial production from the reservoir increased. However, cumulative production declined with continued increase in fracture number as spacing decreased. The fracture half-length had a more significant impact on the early time behavior as a result of the fractures reaching further into the reservoir. Increase in fracture width impacted on the late time production behavior of the well by maintaining production for a longer duration. Variations in the reservoir properties after obtaining the optimum case show that hydraulic fracturing is applicable to tight reservoirs.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -.75in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Hydraulic fracturing, fracture geometry, recovery factor, oil recovery</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Fuseinatu Latif, Victus Kordorwu, Kwabena Okyere-Nyako <em>et al</em>. Effects of Fracture Properties on Oil Recovery in Tight Reservoirs. <em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em>. 2016; 6(3): 12–31p.</span></p>2016-11-07T03:00:31+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7563Designing Methodology for Identifying Different Types of Influx Entering in A Well Bore During Drilling and Study of Influx Behavior2016-11-07T03:46:20+00:00Pulkit Chaudharypulkit.chaudhary03@gmail.comDeepankar Chadhapulkit.chaudhary03@gmail.com<p class="p1">Drillers frequently encounter kick in drilling operations. Kick refers to the unwanted entry of formation fluid into the well bore. Primary well control and secondary well control are used to control influx entry into a well during drilling operations. Primary well control refers to making the overbalance by the hydrostatic pressure exerted by drilling fluid on the formation pressure. Secondary well control refers to controlling the kick through the use of BOPs. BOPs consist of annular preventers, pipe ram, shear ram and blind ram. Reservoir fluid entering the well bore during drilling or tripping is called influx. Influx encountered in a well bore could be oil, water and gas or their mixture. Behavior of all the influxes is different. For example- if a gas influx is encountered, it percolates upwards in the annulus while if water it there it just mixes with the drilling fluid and causes a reduction in its density. The behavior of gas influx in open well and closed well condition is different and complex. In this paper, the behavior of different types of influxes encountered in a well bore has been thoroughly studied and a methodology for understanding the type of well influx that has entered the well bore has been designed. </p><p class="p1">Keywords: Kick, influx behavior, influx identification, well control </p><p class="p1"> </p><p class="p1">Cite this Article Pulkit Chaudhary, Deepankar Chadha. Designing Methodology for Identifying Different Types of Influx Entering in A Well Bore During Drilling and Study of Influx Behavior. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(3): 7–11p. </p>2016-11-07T02:55:31+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7860A Study on Oil and Gas Processing Facility in a Part of Upper Assam Basin2016-11-07T03:46:20+00:00Himangka Kaushiknmedhi.duiet@gmail.comNitish Prasadnmedhi.duiet@gmail.comNayan Medhinmedhi.duiet@gmail.comAnirban Rajkhowanmedhi.duiet@gmail.comTanbi Medhinmedhi.duiet@gmail.comAntoni Baruahnmedhi.duiet@gmail.comThong Teronnmedhi.duiet@gmail.com<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Crude oil that is produced from the oilfields cannot be directly sent to the refineries for further processing. It must undergo additional processing before being sent to refineries to prevent pipeline corrosion, resolve transportation issues and satisfy the crude specification of the refinery which can be achieved by oil and gas processing facility. It is an integral part of the upstream petroleum industry which meets the required specifications of oil and gas before sent to the refineries. The present work aims to study the typical processes of an oil and gas processing facility to understand the design, control and optimization of such facility in a part of Upper Assam Basin. The study analyses the existing methods for crude oil and gas processing of the study area and an attempt has been made to develop the existing arrangement of the facility to improve the energy efficiency as well as product quality. The new arrangement of the processing facility can be applied to corresponding oil and gas processing facilities in other parts of the world that have the similar arrangement as that of the study area.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oilfield, refineries, oil and gas processing facility, basin</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cite this Article</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: normal;"> </p><p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Himangka</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Kaushik, Nitish Prasad, Nayan Medhi <em>et al</em>. A Study on Oil and Gas Processing Facility in a Part of Upper Assam Basin. <em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em>. 2016; 6(3): 1–6p.<strong></strong></span></p>2016-11-07T02:43:01+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7552Analysis and Application of New Acid Fracturing Technology for Carbonate Reservoir in Offshore Deep Well with High Temperature2016-09-08T02:25:34+00:00Hongzhi Xu525390575@qq.comYubing Wangdengjy@cnpc.com.cnZhiwei Hao1510452769@qq.comYousheng Songwangyanyong_upc@163.comJunyu Dengjulies1988@126.comWenna Zhao1156528730@qq.com<div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Acid fracturing is the key production and stimulation technology for the oil-gas reservoirs. This paper developed Loss Control Acid and Divert Acid System used in the Bohai Bay Nanpu oilfield Ordovician carbonate reservoir, which has the problems of deep reservoir burial depth, high temperature, well developed fracture and cavern and high anisotropy. This formation used to be acid fractured with gelled acid and it responded poorly. It also has a series of developing problems. The developed systems have overcome the difficulties of acid retarding at high temperature and long interval can’t be homogeneous fractured. The fluid system was successfully applied on the well of Nanpu 283 and a positive effect was obtained. The experience of large scale acid fracturing for offshore high temperature carbonate reservoir was given. </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Keywords : Offshore, Deep Well, High Temperature, Carbonate Reservoir, Acid Fracturing Technology, Application </span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Cite this Article Hongzhi Xu, Yubing Wang, Zhiwei Hao, et al. Analysis and Application of New Acid Fracturing Technology for Carbonate Reservoir in Offshore Deep Well with High Temperature. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(2): 50–62p. </span></span></div>2016-09-08T02:21:36+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7469High Oil Recovery using Traditional Water-flooding under Compliance of the Planned Development Mode2016-09-08T02:25:34+00:00Sudad H. Al-Obaididrsudad@gmail.com<div style="mso-element: para-border-div; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">The dynamics and performance of major oil</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">deposits in late (final) stage of development of large oil fields are given the current rates of oil recovery</span>. The high oil recoveries are resulted as a consequence of the favorable geological and physical characteristics of the development objects, <span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">application of development systems and optimal density</span> <span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">well spacing</span>, adequate geological structure, maintain during the process of the development the optimal rates of technological development, <span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">the modes of operation of wells and</span> <span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">a project of the fund of production wells</span>, continuous improvement of the project systems taking into account the dynamics of the reserves development and the clarification of the geological structure.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keywords</span></em></strong><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">:</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Average project oil recovery, oil recovery, recovery factor, well spacing, EOR</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cite this Article</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sudad H. Al-Obaidi.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">High oil recovery using traditional water-flooding under compliance of the planned development mode. <em>Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology</em>. 2016; 6(2): 48–53p.</span><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></em></p></div>2016-08-02T04:55:25+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7525Prospects of Shale gas in India verses Global Scenario and Future of Plasma Pulse Technology2016-09-08T02:25:34+00:00Pulkit Chaudharypulkit.chaudhary03@gmail.comSaket Kumaritssakriti@gmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Conventional sources are expensive, polluting and limited by its reserves so, it will not be able to meet the demand of a country which is increasing continuously. This concern triggered the scramble to secure long term oil supplies and shown their reliance on the unconventional resources. Shale gas is natural gas trapped in the shale formation with organic rich content of methane. Huge reserves have been found in United States, Poland and Canada. On the other side, India, although having the enough reserves of shale gas to fulfill the energy demand (97tcf) has not yet initiated much work in this domain. Technically, the advancement in the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are employed for extraction but this technique uses the fracturing fluid for fracturing the formations of shale gas, because of the expense of massive hydraulic fracturing required and also seems to have raised concerns over its contribution to global warming which is not reliable to environment. Henceforth, a new novel stimulation technique has recently been developed known as Plasma Pulse Technology (PPT) which creates vibrations, or generates plasma impulses electrically. These vibrations/impulses reduce viscosity and increase permeability to gas phase to improve its flow for extraction. The technology is designed to improve production cost without resorting to hydro-fracturing, oxidization or other non-ecofriendly processes as we are in the initial stages of exploration, this paper would illustrate the efforts which were made to understand the gas and its implications in geological preparation, extraction, handling and usage, the challenges in its findings and economic implications as a replacement of conventional domestic needs. Moreover, this paper is also aimed at highlighting the environmental implications of hydraulic fracturing, LPG based fracturing and simultaneously predicting the future of PPT.</span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Unconventional, Shale gas, Production, Plasma pulse technology, Hydro-fracturing</span></em></p>2016-08-02T04:51:34+00:00Copyright (c) https://stmjournals.com/index.php?journal=JoPET&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=7403Contemplation of Coal Bed Methane in Petroleum Industry2016-09-08T02:25:34+00:00Saket Kumaritssakriti@gmail.comPulkit Chaudharyitssakriti@gmail.com<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The hunger for energy has been on its peak since industrialization. The human race has been trying all hook and crook in order to discover new sources of energy. In today’s world, a minor portion of the energy requirement basket is being filled up by unconventional non-hydrocarbon resources but still the majority of it is filled by unconventional and conventional hydrocarbon resources. The conventional hydrocarbon resources are oil and natural gas while the unconventional hydrocarbon resources include shale gas and coal bed methane. Coal bed methane is one of the most important upcoming unconventional hydrocarbon resources. It is the gas which is adsorbed on coal and is extracted by de-pressuring coal seams through de-watering. The reservoir pressure of CBM reservoirs is very less hence an artificial lift to de-water well is required at the very first day of production. The sand production is very high in CBM wells as sand is used in hydraulic fracturing. To handle the excess sand, the most extensively used artificial lifts are progressive cavity pumps and electrical submersible pumps. In the present study, an analysis of total potential CBM reserves in India and around the world has been made. The paper presents the future prospects of CBM and its effective production.</span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in; margin-right: .5in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Unconventional, Coal bed methane, production, progressive cavity pumps, hydro-fracturing</span></em></p>2016-08-02T04:46:05+00:00Copyright (c)